Endo membrane System
What organelle is involved with packing and sorting proteins?
Golgi
If I have two monomers of carbohydrates bonded together, what would this be called?
Disaccharide
What type of substances have an easier time going through the cell membrane?
-Small
-Uncharged and nonpolar
Out of DNA RNA and Proteins, rank their diversity
Proteins > RNA > DNA
What is the input and output of pyruvate processing?
Input: Pyruvate
Output: Acetyl COA
What does the smooth ER synthesis?
Lipids
What type of glycosidic bonds should I engineer if I making a bioengineered bug and want its exoskeleton to be strong?
Beta glycosidic bonds
Name the three integral proteins involved in movement of substances across the lipid bilayer.
Identify which one requires ATP
Channel, Carrier, Pump (ATP)
In osmosis, what concentration gradient does water move though?
What is the concentration of solutes where the water is moving into?
Water moves high to low
Water moves to dilute higher solute concentration
Draw an endergonic graph and an exergonic graph.
Label which one is energetically favored
Exergonic doesn't require energy
At what in the process do proteins receive a molecular bar code?
Golgi
Give two examples of beta glycosidic bonds and two examples of alpha glycosidic bonds
alpha: starch, glycogen
Which integral protein changes shape once a molecule binds to it?
Give a specific example
Carrier Protein
Human Glucose Transporter
What are the monomers of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates?
Proteins - amino acids
Nucleic acids - nucleotides
Carbohydrates - monosaccharides
1. Which process of cellular respiration includes a low energy (oxidized) electron carrier?
2. Which processes include a high energy (reduced) electron carrier?
1. ETC
2. Glycolysis, Pyruvate processing, Citric acid cycle
What cytoskeletal structure is made up of alpha tubulin and beta tubulin?
Microtubules
Imagine you work at a manufacturing plant that uses
biomolecules to make products. One of the products you’re
designing is an energy source for endurance athletes. You have two
carbohydrates to choose from to make this product - which should
you choose?
Alpha glycosidic bonds
Describe how the phospholipid bilayer orients itself in aqueous environment?
Heads pointed outward towards water, tails inward protected by the heads
What are the bonds in proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates?
Proteins - polypeptide bonds
Nucleic acids - phosphodiester bonds
Carbohydrates - Glycosidic bonds
What role does ATP play in energetic coupling?
ATP provided the energy needed to make the total energy of
the reactants greater than the products
Removing phosphates from ATP releases energy, and this
energy release was used to allow a different reaction to
proceed.
Why does the endomembrane system
need ATP?
Motor proteins use ATP for conformational changes to “walk”
along microtubules.
Refer back to sucrose and sucralose. Which one can our body not consume and why?
Our body can't consume sucralose because we do not have an enzyme for it.
What strengthens the hydrophobic reactions of the lipid bilayer? AKA decrease permeability
Longer tails support stronger hydrophobic interactions.
• Saturated tails pack more closely and sustain stronger hydrophobic interactions
(because they are straighter than unsaturated tails).
• Cholesterol typically strengthens the hydrophobic interactions in a membrane.
What are the inputs and outputs of the sodium-potassium pump?
For each ATP molecule used:
3 Na⁺ ions are pumped out
2 K⁺ ions are pumped in
How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction?
What specific part of the enzyme is involved in lowering the AE?
Active Site of Enzyme:
-Stabilize T state
-Ensure reactants each other in the correct spatial orientation
-Provides binding site for reactants