Spectrophotometry
What is spectrophotometry
Method used to determine the concentration of various compounds
Purpose of electrophoresis (in regards to DNA)
determine the size of the DNA molecules
How are the number of chromosomes between the parent and daughter cells related after a round of mitosis takes place?
They are the same. Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells with identical DNA to the parents in regards to content and amount.
What type of cells does meiosis produce
gametes
Where does the GFP gene come from
a bioluminescent jellyfish
Equation for Transmission?
(Intensity of light transmitted by a material/Intensity of light striking the material). Think of this as a percent of light that actually makes it through the cuvette.
Relationship between migration rate and size (inverse or direct)
inverse. Larger portions of DNA move less than smaller segments.
Where does mitosis take place in humans (name of tissue type).
Mitosis takes place in somatic tissues (all tissues besides reproductive tissues)
What is the meaning of "reduction division" in relation to meiosis
The nucleus divides twice and DNA replicates only once, so meiosis produces cells with half the amount of DNA as the parents
What is a plasmid and why is it important for bacteria
A small, circular segment of DNA with one or more traits that are beneficial for the survival of bacteria.
Relationship between absorbance and transmission?
It is logarithmic (A = log (1/T))
Purpose of the buffer solution (what is the name of it in the experiment we did for bragging rights)
It conducts electricity better than water and maintains the pH of the system. Called tris acetate EDTA, or just TAE.
Difference between plant and animal cell mitosis
Cell plate formation in plants versus cleavage furrow in animals or the absence of centrioles in plant cells
What is crossing over and what is the process associated with it
Synapsis is the process where homologous chromosomes pair into tetrads and exchange portions of DNA. This produces genetic diversity.
Purpose and meaning of transformation
Transformation is when there is a change caused by genes, genes are inserted into an organism to give it a trait. With the exchange of plasmids, bacteria can provide other bacteria with advantages such as antibiotic resistance.
Beer-Lambert Law equation and purpose
To explain the direct relationship between absorbance and concentration. This means that as the concentration of a material increases, the absorbance will also increase, vice versa. A = εcl. A (absorbance) = ε (extinction coefficient) * c (concentration of material) * l (length of light path, usually 1 cm).
What happens if the milliamps are set too high? (2 things can happen)
The gel can get too hot and melt and the bands can form "smiles" (U-shaped).
Name the 5 phases of mitosis along with one major event for each.
Prophase (Chromatids condense, nucleoli begin to fragment, centrioles move to opposite poles, mitotic spindle begin to form), Prometaphase (Nuclear envelope fragments completely, astral fibers radiate throughout the cell, some mitotic spindle attaches to the centromere of chromosomes), Metaphase (Chromosomes are moved to the equatorial plate of the cell), Anaphase (centromere splits, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell), and Telophase (Chromosomes uncoil, nucleoli reform, spindle begins to break down, nuclear envelope form).
Do chromosomes arrange randomly or in a specific order during Metaphase 1
randomly, this allows for greater genetic diversity
What are the 3 genes on the pGLO plasmid and their purpose
the bla gene blocks ampicillin from breaking down the cell wall of the bacteria (resistance to ampicillin), the arabinose operon allows digestion of arabinose, and the GFP gene allows the bacteria to glow. When a bacteria is successfully transformed, it will be able to glow on a plate coated in arabinose and ampicillin because it has resistance to the antibiotic and needs arabinose operon for the GFP gene to be turned on.
How to convert from absorbance to calculated glucose concentration in mg/mL using the equation of the standard curve
Plug in the absorbance from the spectrophotometer in for y, then solve for x. This gives you the glucose concentration in mM. To convert to mg/mL, multiply by 0.18 (18 mg/1mM * 1L/1000mL)
What is the stain used in this experiment and its purpose
Ethidium Bromide, and it is used to detect DNA and RNA by intercalating itself between the base pairs. It glows under UV light, so you can see DNA this way.
What is the only structure found in both plant and animal cells throughout all phases of the cell cycle. (chromosomes, chromatin, nuclear membranes, centrioles, spindle fibers, nucleoli, cleavage furrow, or cell plate)
Spindle fibers. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes after interphase, nuclear membranes and nucleoli fragment before metaphase, centrioles are not found in plant cells, cleavage furrow only forms in animal cells and cell plate only forms in plant cells.
What stage of meiosis is most similar to what stage in mitosis
In anaphase 2, sister chromatids separate just like anaphase in mitosis.
what is the experimental group plate for the pGLO lab. (-pGLO, LB) (-pGLO, LB/amp) (+pGLO, LB/amp) (+pGLO LB/amp/ara)
+pGLO LB/amp/ara. (-pGLO, LB) is positive control, (-pGLO, LB/amp) is negative control, (+pGLO, LB/amp) is positive control, and (+pGLO LB/amp/ara) is experimental. Taking out LB bc its in all of them, Experimental is the one with the most conditions, positive control has the least (nothing) and second most (pGLO and antibiotic), negative control does not have pGLO, but it does have the antibiotic.