Microbiome
One of the reasons red meat is unhealthy (double points if you can explain the pathway that leads to plaque formation)
What is choline
The reason that there are so many HIV drugs and not many antivirals for other viruses
What is no broad spectrum antiviral exists
The first "clinical trial" for smallpox used this pathogen
What is vaccinia (cowpox)
Crohn's patients can be treated with these types of medications (list at least 2)
What are corticosteroids, methotrexate, anti-TNFa, entyvio, Treg therapies, low dose IL-2, stem cell transplantation
Dietary fiber increases this molecule
What is butyrate
HIV must bind to this receptor on a host cell with this ligand on its capsid to enter a cell
What is CD4 and gp120?
This type of smallpox was discontinued due to the reversal to a virulent state
What is live attenuated
The cause of Chron's disease
What is an exaggerated mucosal immne response against microbiota in the colon
Issues with trying to therapeutically change an individual's microbiome with prebiotics (list at least 3)
What are not diverse, difficulty engrafting the microbiome, individual variation, metabolites not consistent across the gut, microbes may not have desired metabolic effect
HIV infection is characterized by this while AIDS is defined by lack of these cells
What is HIV presence in the body and depletion of most CD4 cells
Vaccines need these compounds to promote an immune response (list at least 3)
What are adjuvants (mineral salts, liposomes, oil in water, aluminum, TLR agonists
To determine if something is an infection of Chrohn's disease, this must first be checked for
What is an infection
3 methods for engineering microbiomes
What are construct engineering, comparing health v diseased individuals, or treating with bacteriophage/antibiotics for selection
The backbone of HAART regimes include these drugs (state whole acronym)
What is nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Challenges for mRNA vaccines (list 3)
Ordinary mRNA doesn't produce many proteins, quick degradation, bacterial RNA highly immunostimulatory
Remicade can eventually be rejected because of this
What is the ~30% mouse sequence composition of the Ab
The type of environment that promotes tight junctions and prevents a leaky gut
What is hypoxic
What is viral genome integration with no virus production
In development of a TB vaccine, the M72/AS01E candidate vaccine had this adjuvant
What is modified LPS (TLR4 agonist)
A last resort treatment for Chron's disease may be this newer drug platform (Name which protein sequence can be used to enhance enrichment of the cells)
What is Tregs isolated from a patient and stimulated with OVA