Introduction
Elected officials pandering to partisan interests at the expense of the common good is cause for this.
What is concern?
Schattschneider felt this way about mass involvement in party nominations.
What is a polite ruse?
This restriction limits the number of crossover voters and potentially the ideological range of those voters as well.
What are Independents vs. all voters?
In some years, this type of primary tends to have the largest ideological gap.
What are nonpartisan primaries?
This research studied this link.
What is the link between the openness of a primary system and the ideology of the state legislators elected under it?
Reforming the institution of primary elections is often mentioned as a mechanism to do this.
What is reduce polarization?
Party leaders have proven that they are able to convince party voters of what during primaries?
What is ratifying their decisions?
The predictions of a heterogeneous effect are dependent upon this.
What are assumptions that may not be realistic in practice?
This type of primary weakens pressure on politicians towards polarization.
What are open primaries?
The number of committed, politically active Independents may be blanker than expected.
What is smaller?
The presumed connection between primary electoral
institutions and polarization is important in these two respects.
What are considerable intuitive appeal and theoretical issues at stake?
Formal models of open primaries and multicandidate races do not produce what?
What is consistent expectations about the winner's ideology?
Pure open systems produce this.
What are mixed predictions and results?
The coefficients for semiclosed systems suggest this type of effect for both parties relative to the comparison category of pure closed systems
What is a polarizing effect?
This type of primary is one of the only types certain to provide more moderate politicians relative to those produced by closed primaries.
What is semiclosed?
The presumed link between primary systems and polarization assumes that parties are primarily this of mass opinion.
What are aggregators?
The use of data from congressional elections can be problematic due to these two reasons.
What are estimates driven by a small number of districts in each state, and certain states cannot be robustly analyzed at all?
These are the five types of primaries.
What are pure closed, semiclosed, semiopen,
pure open, and nonpartisan?
The tests that the authors ran to ensure that their results were not an artifact of the precision of their estimates include these three methods.
What are regressions as multilevel models, running
OLS models without state fixed effects, and exploring other classifications of primary systems besides the five-category method they had originally considered?
If voters closer to the middle of the ideological spectrum are allowed or encouraged to participate in a primary election, we would expect this.
What is that they would vote for relatively moderate candidates and the winning nominee would be more moderate?
The connection between primary systems and polarization revolves around this fundamental debate.
What is the debate about the nature of political parties?
Who said that, “This is not the sheer vicariousness of Red Sox fans ‘high-fiveing’ their team’s victory. . . . A Republican victory really is Republicans’ doing. Partisans sustain and affect the play”
Who is Rosenblum?
Extant research generally finds pure closed
primaries elect these types of candidates, at least if one assumes that voters in each primary electorate fall on one side of the political ideological spectrum.
What are relatively extreme candidates?
This was a difficult problem for the researchers to address, since they couldn't randomly assign primary systems by state and observe the result
What is endogeneity?
When party organizations are weak, this type of primary system might hamper their efforts to supplant other networks of interests and make themselves the dominant schism in the legislature.
What is an open primary system?