Physiology
Surfactant which reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing during exhalation, is produced by _________.
(type II pneumocytes)
The internal intercostals are primarily used in ________.
(exhalation)
The diaphragm is under ______ control.
(somatic/voluntary)
The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration is _______.
(vital capacity)
The serratus anterior, pectoralis minor and major, are three types of __________.
(accessory muscles)
The CNS receives sensory input from ___________ to adjust the rate and depth of breathing automatically.
(chemoreceptors)
Using the equation PV = constant; if the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases (in other words, the size of the thoracic cavity decreases), the pressure inside the thoracic cavity will __________.
(increase)
In respiration, the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles are primarily used in __________.
(forced inspiration)
The brain stem normally controls breathing by _______ the respiration rate when CO2 levels in the blood _______.
(increasing/increase)
When the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases (compared to atmospheric pressure) air will __________ the lungs.
(enter)
In order to inhale, the size of the thoracic cavity has to increase in order to decrease the internal pressure (compared to atmospheric pressure). In order to accomplish this task, the diaphragm muscle ________ and external intercostals ________.
(contracts/contract)
_________ receptors mediate parasympathetic effects on airway smooth muscle.
(Muscarinic)