GENETICS
What is a cell wall?
Something that is only found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. It gives them structure.
What type of genotypes do you need to be considered "pure bred"?
You would need homozygous genotypes to be considered pure bred.
ex: BB
Who discovered microevolution?
Charles Darwin.
What is gene therapy?
Gene therapy is whenever we use genes to treat or prevent disease. This could be:
1. Placing a mutated gene with a healthy copy.
2. "Knocking out" a gene that doesn't work right.
3. Introducing a new gene to help fight the disease.
What are fossils?
Fossils are preserved remains found in sedimentary rock layers. They can be as small as bacteria or as big as a dinosaur.
(Paleontology is the study of fossils.)
What is Meiosis?
1. Sexual Reproduction.
2. Creates four daughter cells.
3. Daughter cells have 23 chromosomes.
and more..
Capital letter(s).
Ex: The B in Bb is dominant.
What is an adaptation?
What is selective breeding?
This is whenever you cross-breed an organism without genetically changing or altering its genes.
What is the Law of Superposition?
The Law of Superposition is whenever geologists believe the newest rock layers are on top of the older ones, unless there is a disturbance.
Example of a disturbance : Earthquakes.
What is Mitosis?
1. Asexual Reproduction.
2. Creates two daughter cells.
3. Daughter cells have 46 chromosomes. (DNA)
and more..
If a heterozygous man that has brown eyes, has children with a homozygous woman who has green eyes, what is the chance their children will have green eyes?
(Use B as your dominate and b as your recessive)
There is a 50% chance the children will get green.
What is a genetic mutation?
A genetic mutation is whenever an individual in a population gets a different gene than the rest, then passing it to its offspring.
What is artificial selection? Is it the same as natural selection?
Artificial selection is whenever humans decide which genes to keep, instead of a plant or animal, "nature", deciding which is most beneficial to survival. They are not the same.
What is a mold, and or cast of a fossil?
Mold - whenever the rock around it takes its shape, but there is no filling of the cavity with minerals.
Cast - whenever the rock around it takes its shape, but the cavity is full with the minerals. Think of a cast for a leg or arm.
What does the chloroplast do?
Captures sunlight and uses it to produce food.
(Only found in plants and some protists, such as algae.)
The physical appearance of an organism.
What is natural selection?
This is whenever an organism passes beneficial genes to its offspring to survive.
What is a GMO?
A GMO is a Genetically Modified Organism. This is whenever a human will take one gene that's beneficial and practically plant it in the new organism.
Ex: This is used to make some fruits sweeter.
What is the absolute age of a fossil?
This is the most accurate form of dating. This is whenever we use the decay of radioactive elements to find the absolute age of a fossil. This relies on the property of half-life.
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
It's a network of tubes that transports materials.
What are Punnett Squares used for?
1. To predict genetic combinations of an offspring.
2. To determine percentages of what characteristics will be used in the phenotype(s).
What is genetic drift?
Genetic drift is the opposite of natural selection because it's completely random. It depends on many aspects, one example being the organisms health.
What are some advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages: faster growth, using less chemicals, soil is preserved, can increase consumer purchasing, etc.
Disadvantages: unsure of long term effects on humans (allergies), could decrease crop diversity, could have long term effects on soil, and they're more prone to mutations.
Are fossils only bones?
No! Fossils can be bones, but they can also be environmental.