Med Micro exam 2 review

Growth and Nutrition

100

This is the enzyme that turns H2O2 into H2O AND O2

What is catalase?

200

This occurs after every binary fission for some microbes

What is the release of quora? (by Vibrio spp. for example)

300

This is the cause of teeth cavities

What is the acid waste products due to dental decay-causing microbes living in biofilms on the teeth?

400

This type of agar can select for gram negative bacteria AND sorbitol fermentation

What is MacConkey agar?

500

This is the advantage to doing binary fission for bacteria

What is to increase surface area?

Metabolism

100

These operons will be turned with aerobic respiration using lactose

What are the lacZYA and cytABCD operons?

200

These specific ETC complexes will pump a proton into the intermembrane space when receiving an electron

What is ETC I, ETC III, ETC IV, and narGHI?

300

This is the total ATP output/glc for anaerobic respiration (for bacteria) using lactose

What is 26 ATP?

400

These are possible TEAs for anaerobic respiration

What are NO_3-, SO₄, CO₃^2-, etc...

500

These steps of butyric acid fermentation will yield ATP

What are glycolysis and butyric acid synthesis?

Trichinellosis

100

These enzymes will digest the L1 cuticle and tell them to mature

What are chymotrypsin and trypsin?

200

These are the things we want to look for if we suspect Trichinella infection

What is

Increased CPK (muscle damage)

Increased eosinophils (helminth presence)

Bilateral periorbital edema

300

These are the four main locations (in order) that Trichinella will enter before entering the bloodstream

What are:

Stomach (from ingestion)

Small intestine

Duodenal enterocytes

GI lumen

400

These are the 3 main steps of muscle de-differentiation after an NBL enters the muscle

What are:

Enlarging of infected and nearby nuclei

Loss of striations

Mitochondrial dysfunction

500

These are the 4 main steps of re-differentiation to form a nurse cell

What are: 

Secretion of VEGF

Adding tyvelose

Adding collagen IV and VI

Creating circulatory rete

Cholera

100

This is the infectious dose of V. cholerae

What is 10³-10⁸?

200

This is the site of infection for V. cholerae

What is the duodenal enterocyte apical surface?

300

These are the two things that regulate the ctx operon

What are:

Bile in the duodenum

Quorum sensing

400

This causes the diarrhea associated with cholera

What is phosphorylation of CFTR by hyperactive PKA causing mass efflux of ions and water from cells

500

These are the two functions of TcpP on V. cholerae

What are:

Target for bacteriophage

Forming biofilms on enterocytes

Shigellosis

100

This species of Shigella is the one that not only causes infection, but can also cause intoxication

What is Shigella dysenteriae?

200

This is the site of infection for Shigella

What is

The ileal M cells, macrophages, enterocyte apical and basal surfaces, and cytosols

300

This is how Shigella enter the basal side of the ileal enterocytes

What is

They invade an M cell, activating a macrophage

The macrophage phagocytoses them, but Shigella escapes and divides

Macrophage is killed, releasing Shigella

400

This is how Shigella moves through ileal enterocytes

What is:

Shigella invade an enterocyte

They ride actin filaments to the tight junction

They enter another enterocyte via lateral endocytosis

500

This is how Shigella is able to avoid being engulfed by enterocyte phagosomes

What is:

They use T3SS to bind to CD44 and Integrin

They float on lipid rafts, hiding from phagosomes