Inamski
What is the first-line management for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?
lifestyle modifications
Because its cells are dense with energy-generating mitochondria, which of your muscles never tires?
heart
Which of these bodily responses is a holdover from animal ancestors dealing with cold?
goosebumps
True or false: Veins look blue because the unoxygenated blood in them is blue.
false
Where are red blood cells created?
bones
Which condition results in the gradual loss of renal function over time, eventually resulting in anuria?
chronic kidney diseas
What is the timing of a third heart sound?
early diastole
What is the pupillary light reflex?
the response of the eye to light. resulting in construction of the pupil
What is the characteristic pattern of weakness seen in proximal myopathy?
difficulty standing up from a chair or climbing stairs
What is the difference between a pleural rub and crepitus?
Crepitus is a palpable sensation, while pleural rub is an audible sound.
A patient presenting with gradual onset of upper right abdominal pain, yellowing of skin and eyes, vomiting, darkening of urine and light-colored stools is likely to be suffering from which of the following conditions?
A) Acute pancreatitis
B)Peptic ulcer disease
C)Gastrointestinal malignancy
D)Acute cholecystitis
D)Acute cholecystitis
A 70-year-old male has a decrescendo, early diastolic murmur heard best at the left lower sternal border. The murmur increases with expiration. What is the most likely cause of this murmur?
aortic regurgitation
A 65-year-old male presents with a chronic cough that produces blood-streaked sputum. He reports that the cough has been present for several months and is associated with fatigue and weight loss. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
what are the risk factors for developing germ cell tumors?
klineferter syndrome and cryptochidism
What type of anemia can be caused by a lack of intrinsic factor production?
Pernicious anaemia
Physiologists are studying the forces governing glomerular ultrafiltration using a single nephron in an intact kidney of an experimental animal. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary and Bowman space is measured using micropipette transducers. Colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillary is estimated using the difference in plasma protein concentration in the afferent and efferent arterioles. The glomerular surface is assumed to be functionally intact with negligible filtration of plasma proteins into the Bowman space. From the data obtained, net filtration pressure is calculated at 10 mm Hg. A substance is instilled into the renal artery, and measurements are repeated. The net filtration pressure after the intervention is 20 mm Hg. Which of the following substances was most likely used in this experiment?
A 43-year-old man complains of pain in the groin. Upon examination, his doctor detects a bulge near the superficial inguinal ring and diagnoses a direct inguinal hernia. The hernial sac most likely:
Passes medial to the inferior epigastric artery
Passes medial to the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle
Passes posterior to the inguinal ligament
Passes medial to the inferior epigastric artery
A 27-year-old woman comes to the office for counseling prior to conception. She states that a friend recently delivered a newborn with a neural tube defect and she wants to decrease her risk for having a child with this condition. She has no history of major medical illness and takes no medications. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. It is most appropriate to recommend that this patient begin supplementation with a vitamin that is a cofactor in which of the following processes?
Biosynthesis of nucleotides
What is the term used to describe the condition where a ventricular septal defect is associated with an overriding aorta and pulmonary stenosis?
Tetralogy of Fallot
If a patient displays signs of confusion and is slow to respond to stimuli, which level of arousal would you suspect?
obtunded
A 3-month-old boy is evaluated for large-volume diarrhea and failure to thrive. The patient was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery at 38 weeks gestation. His mother reports that the pregnancy was uncomplicated and there is no family history of gastrointestinal disease. Physical examination shows mild abdominal distension, muscle wasting, and pitting edema. Histochemical evaluation reveals absence of enteropeptidase activity in the proximal intestinal villi. Activity of which of the following substances is most likely impaired in this patient?
what's my last name?
Anuarbek
A 42-year-old nulligravid woman comes to the office because of a 1-year history of increasingly irregular vaginal bleeding and menstrual cramps. Previously, menses occurred at regular 28-day intervals and lasted 3 days with minimal cramping. During the past year, menstrual periods have occurred at 21- to 28-day intervals and lasted 10 to 12 days with increasingly severe pain. Use of acetaminophen and ibuprofen has provided minimal relief. She used an oral contraceptive from the age of 17 years to 40 years, but she discontinued use after she was diagnosed with deep venous thrombosis of the right lower extremity. She has no other history of serious illness and takes no medications. Her mother and sister underwent hysterectomy at the ages of 39 and 43 years, respectively, because of abnormal uterine bleeding. The patient is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 75 kg (165 lb); BMI is 28 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination discloses an enlarged, irregularly shaped uterus with nodularity. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms?
(A) Benign monoclonal tumors arising from smooth muscle cells
(B) Endometrium growing into the myometrium
(C) Endometrium growing outside the uterus
(D) Failure of functional ovarian cysts to regress after the release of an ovum
(E) Ovarian stromal cells dividing and multiplying rapidly
Benign monoclonal tumors arising from smooth muscle cells
A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive difficulty swallowing. Initially, his dysphagia was limited to solids but he now has difficulty with swallowing liquids. Endoscopy shows a large, fungating mass two cm above the gastroesophageal junction. The mass is biopsied, and microscopic examination of the specimen shows glands that invade into the muscular layer and cells with large, hyperchromatic nuclei. Which of the following is most likely directly associated with the development of this mass?
A) Esophageal rings
B) Esophageal webs
C) Reflux esophagitis
D) Scleroderma
E) Sliding hiatal hernia
Reflux esophagitis
A 73-year-old man comes to the emergency department with unstable angina. He undergoes coronary angiography via the femoral approach. A stent is placed in the right coronary artery, and the patient is discharged. He returns to the emergency department 2 days later with blue discoloration of his right toe. He has pain and mild tingling in the affected toe. Medical history is significant for hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. On physical examination, the right toe appears cyanotic, and there is livedo reticularis affecting the right thigh. Peripheral pulses in the lower extremities are bilaterally palpable. Serum creatinine is 2.8 mg/dL (preoperatively it was 1.0 mg/dL). Which of the following histopathologic findings would most likely be seen on biopsy of this patient’s kidney?