Cardiovascular Assessment
Right side (unoxygenated), left side (oxygenated).
What is blood flow?
LDLs, HDLs, VLDLs
What is lipoproteins?
Peak pressure against arteries during ventricular contraction.
What is Systolic blood pressure?
Normal = less than 120
Chlorthalidone, Hydrochlorothiazide, Indapamide, Metolazone
What is thiazide or thiazide type diuretics?
Chlorthalidone is preferred on the basis of prolonged half-life and proven trial reduction of CVD. Monitor for hyponatremia and hypokalemia, uric acid and calcium levels. Use with caution in patients with history of acute gout unless patient is on uric acid–lowering therapy.
Weight reduction, DASH eating plan, sodium restriction, moderation of alcohol, physical activity, avoid tobacco products
What are hypertension lifestyle modifications?
Mitral, Tricuspid, Chordae Tendineae, Papillary Muscle, Pulmonic, Aortic
What is the heart valves and structures?
A blood lipid associated with arteriosclerosis, increased level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
What is cholesterol?
Residual pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation.
What is Diastolic blood pressure?
Normal = less than 80
Benazepril, Captopril, Enalapril, Fosinopril, Lisinopril, Moexipril, Perindopril, Quinapril, Ramipril, Trandolapril
What is ACE Inhibitors?
Do not use in combination with ARBs or direct renin inhibitor. There is an increased risk of hyperkalemia, especially in patients with CKD or in those on K+ supplements or K+-sparing drugs. There is a risk of acute renal failure in patients with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis. Do not use if patient has history of angioedema with ACE inhibitors. Avoid in pregnancy.
Orthostatic hypotension, sexual problems, dry mouth, frequent voiding
What are common side effects?
Contraction of heart muscle (measurement) (ejection of blood from ventricles)
What is systole?
CK, CK-MB, CK-Isoforms, TnT, Tnl, Myoglobin
What are cardiac enymes?
Lack of access to healthcare, poverty, chronic stress
What are social determinants of health?
Azilsartan, Candesartan, Eprosartan, Irbesartan, Losartan, Olmesartan, Telmisartan, Valsartan
What are ARBs?
Do not use in combination with ACE inhibitors or direct renin inhibitors. There is an increased risk of hyperkalemia in CKD or in those on K+ supplements or K+-sparing drugs. There is a risk of acute renal failure in patients with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis. Do not use if patient has history of angioedema with ARBs. Patients with a history of angioedema with an ACE inhibitor can receive an ARB beginning 6 weeks after ACE inhibitor is discontinued. Avoid in pregnancy.
Heart, Kidney, Brain
What are target organ damage during a hypertensive crisis?
Relaxation of heart muscle (ventricles fill with blood)
What is Diastole?
Normal values, rise, peak, advantages, and disadvantages
What is cardiac markers?
130-139 OR 80-89
What is stage 1 hypertension?
Dihydropyridines: Amlodipine, Felodipine, Isradipine, Nicardipine SR, Nifedipine LA, Nisoldipine
Nondihydropyridines: Diltaizem ER, Verapamil IR, Verapamil SR, Verapamil-delayed onset ER
What are Calcium Channel Blockers?
No evidence of target organ disease, hospitalization NOT required, associated with chronic stable disorders (stable angina, chronic heart failure, prior MI or CVA)
What is hypertension urgency?
Pre-load, Contractility, Afterload
What is factors affecting cardiac output?
A-P-E-T-M
All pigs eat too much
A: Aortic (2nd RICS) P: Pulmonic (2nd LICS) E: Erbs point (3rd LICS) T: Tricuspid (4th LICS) M: Mitral (5th LMCL)
Greater than 140 OR greater than 90
What is stage 2 hypertension?
Loop: Bumetanide, Furosemide, Torsemide
Potassium Sparing: Amiloride, Triamterene
Aldosterone Antagonists: Eplerenone, Spironolactone
What are diuretics?
History of hypertension (non adherent), cocaine, amphetamines, PCP, LSD (leads to seizures, stroke, MI, or encephalopathy)
What is hypertensive crisis?