Immunity
Sodium
Fluid Balance
Infusion Therapy
Infection
100
What is Leukocytosis
Increased WBC
100
What is the reference range of sodium?
136-145
100
How do you know the patient with hypovolemia is improving or responding to treatment?
Their symptoms improve
Labs and vitals go back into normal range
100
What is a central line?
A central line is a tube that is placed in a large vein in the neck,chest,groin or arm to give fluids, blood, medications, or to do medical test quickly
100
What are the different ways in which infection is spread?
Airborne, droplet, contact
200
What are the 3 lines of defense?
Barrier defenses
Innate immune system
Adaptive immune sytem
200
What are the dietary implications when caring for a client with sodium alterations?
Regular canned vegetables
Vegetable juices
Processed foods
Snack foods
Condiments
200
Who is at risk for developing hypovolemia?
Someone experiencing major blood/fluid loss
Renal disorders
Pancreatitis
Burn victims (due to fluid loss through the skin)
200
Examples of Colloid solutions?
Starches, FFP, human albumin
200
Why do some infections become resistant to antibiotics?
Because some bacteria can develop defense mechanisms against antibiotics. Over antibiotic use makes resistant bacteria more common.
300
What makes inflammation good and bad?
When inflammation is good, it fights off foreign invaders, heals injuries and mops up debris. When it is bad, inflammation ignites a long list of disorders: arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, blindness, cancer, diabetes and more.
300
What interventions would the nurse implement when caring for a client with hyponatremia? You should think about not only medical (like medications), but also nursing interventions.
Monitor intake and output
Encourage salt-containing foods and fluid
Give 9% NaCl IV
If the sodium level is <120 it becomes critical and you need to give 3% NaCl
Do not exceed 8 mEq/L for any 24-hour period, needs to be increased slowly
300
When caring for a client with fluid imbalance, how does the nurse know that the treatment is or is not working?
Comparing the client's baseline data, including diagnostic laboratory data and the client's signs and symptoms, to the outcome data after treatments and interventions
300
What are complications of infusion therapy?
Infiltration, hematoma, an air embolism, phlebitis, extravascular drug administration, and intra arterial injection.
300
Who is at risk or developing MRSA?
Those that are hospitalized
Older adults
Those with indwelling urinary catheters, vascular access devices, open wounds, and endotracheal tubes.
400
What medications should someone who has a left take be taking?
Antibiotics
400
When caring for a client with alterations in sodium levels, why does the nurse monitor the level so frequently?
If the sodium level becomes too high it can lead to neurological symptoms due to the movement of water into brain cells causing them to swell
400
What interventions would the nurse implement when caring for a client with hypervolemia? You should think about not only medical (like medications), but also nursing interventions.
Give diuretics (Furosemide)
Paracentesis (procedure that uses a small tube to drain fluid from your abd)
Restrict sodium
Daily weight
400
When caring for a client receiving TPN, what does the nurse need to know to safely administer this type of therapy?
Use only when oral and enteral route isn’t possible
Requires central line
Monitor Lipids
More prone to bacteria contamination
400
What NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL interventions do we implement for patients experiencing C. Diff?
A fecal transplant or probiotic supplements or foods that have microorganisms to keep or improve the good bacteria in the body.
500
What does ESR stand for and what does it tell us?
ESR is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measures the rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma.
500
How does fluid balance impact hyponatremia?
Drinking excessive amounts of water can cause low sodium by overwhelming the kidney’s ability to excrete water.
500
What labs would be important to monitor when caring for a client with fluid imbalance? What do they tell you about someone’s fluid balance?
Serum osmolarity
Checks the balance between water and certain chemicals in blood (helps diagnose dehydration)
Urine specific gravity
Measures your kidneys ability to balance water content and excrete waste
Hematocrit
Used to evaluate the degree of plasma leakage and to determine what therapeutic intervention is needed
BUN
Measures the level of urea nitrogen in the blood - indicated if you have problems with your liver/kidney functioning
500
What interventions would the nurse implement for a client experiencing a complication/reaction from a blood transfusion?
Stop the transfusion immediately, and notify the physician.
Disconnect the transfusion set-but keep the IV line open with 0.9% saline to provide access for possible IV drug infusion.
Send the blood bag and tubing to the blood bank for repeat typing and culture.
500
What is the difference between standard precautions and transmission-based precautions?
Standard precautions apply to all care activities regardless if with a known/suspected infection. Transmission-based measures are added to prevent the spread of disease from patients with known/suspected disease.