Glucose Regulation
This term describes the process of keeping blood glucose in an optimal range so cells can make ATP for energy.
What is glucose regulation?
These are the two most common types of diabetes mellitus.
What are type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Insulin is produced by these specific cells in the islets of Langerhans.
What are beta (β) cells?
Oral antihyperglycemic agents are used only for this type of diabetes?
What is type 2 diabetes mellitus?
In diabetes, hypoglycemia is usually defined as a blood glucose level below this value in mmol/L.
What is less than 4 mmol/L?
This is the only hormone in the body that lowers elevated blood glucose after a meal.
What is insulin?
Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and fatigue are classic manifestations of this type of diabetes.
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?
This type of insulin (for example, lispro or aspart) is given 0–15 minutes before a meal and has an onset of about 15 minutes.
What is rapid-acting insulin?
This first-line medication is a biguanide that decreases liver glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity.
What is metformin (Glucophage)?
This acute complication, most common in type 1 diabetes, is caused by profound insulin deficiency and features hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
These two counterregulatory hormones raise blood glucose when it drops too low.
What are glucagon and cortisol?
“Prediabetes” is characterized by impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance; in impaired fasting glucose, fasting levels fall in this approximate mmol/L range.
What is 6.1–6.9 mmol
A regimen that uses long-acting insulin once daily plus rapid- or short-acting insulin before meals is called this.
What is a basal–bolus insulin regimen?
Sulfonylureas like gliclazide and glimepiride work primarily by increasing this from the pancreas.
What is insulin secretion/production?
In DKA, the body breaks down fat for energy, producing these acidic by-products that alter pH and appear in blood and urine.
What are ketones/ketone bodies?
Central obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and certain medications are examples of these individual factors that increase the risk of impaired glucose regulation.
What are individual risk factors for hyperglycemia?
An A1C value at or above this percentage is one of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes.
What is 6.5% or greater?
This device provides continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion via a catheter in the abdominal wall and allows very tight glucose control.
What is an insulin pump?
Liraglutide and exenatide are in this injectable drug class that mimics incretin hormones by stimulating insulin release, suppressing glucagon, reducing food intake, and slowing gastric emptying.
What are GLP-1 receptor agonists (incretin mimetics)?
This life-threatening emergency, seen mainly in older adults with type 2 diabetes, features very high glucose (often >34 mmol/L), high serum osmolality, severe dehydration, and little or no ketosis.
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)?
Long-standing hyperglycemia can lead to these three major consequences: damage to blood vessels, nerve damage in the extremities, and increased risk for infection.
What are angiopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and infection?
In this diabetes type, there is absolute insulin deficiency from autoimmune destruction of beta cells; in this other type, there is insulin resistance plus relative insulin deficiency.
What are type 1 (absolute deficiency) and type 2 (insulin resistance with relative deficiency)?
Acarbose is in this drug class that slows carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine and is sometimes called a “starch blocker.”
What is an α-glucosidase inhibitor?
For conscious patients with mild hypoglycemia, treatment is to give 15–20 g of a simple carbohydrate, wait 15 minutes and recheck blood sugar; for unconscious patients, this injectable hormone can be given IM or SC.
What is the “15/15” rule and glucagon injection?