Concepts
How many dimensions are there in media systems?
There are 4 Dimensions:
1. Media market
2. Professionalization
3. Political Parallelism
4. Role of the state
What is the French media market in the polarized pluralist model according to the Hallin & Mancini (2004)?
This media system was described by Hallin & Mancini as elite-oriented, with low newspaper circulation and strong reliance on television.
Which model does Canada present? Give two characteristics of the model.
Liberal Model
1. low political parallelism
2. the strong professionalisation of journalism
Define what is press party parallelism.
Press–party parallelism means a strong connection between media outlets and political parties.
It describes a situation where:
-Newspapers openly support specific political parties.
-Journalists share similar ideological positions as those parties.
-Media act almost like an extension of political actors.
-Readers choose newspapers that match their political views.
Does France have high or low political pluralism and how was it explained in the presentation?
Hallin & Mancini (2004): high political parallelism
-Media outlets had clear political positions.
-Newspapers were often linked to specific ideologies.
-Strong connection between media and political actors.
How many main media companies are there in Canada?
3 main companies- TorStar, Postmedia, and The Globe and Mail (Taylor & DeCillia, 2021)
What is the difference between external and internal pluralism?
External → each outlet represents political affiliations, High Political Parallelism, pluralism achieved at the system level. many media outlets owning many small
Internal → range within one media outlets, low level of PP; same outlet, showing left/ right/ central sides.
Is journalism still influenced by political actors and media ownership structures? And is it independent?
Yes, it is not completely independent.
How would the National Post and The Toronto Star outlets portray the politicization of climate change in Canada?
National Post would likely frame climate science as being politicized by:
- Environmental activists
- Liberal governments
- International climate institutions
- Media outlets pushing a “consensus” narrative
- Climate science as a political tool to justify regulation, taxation, and expanded government control.
Toronto Star would likely frame climate science as being politicized by:
- Climate skeptics
- Fossil fuel industries
- Conservative governments