Airway Anatomy
Permanent death of brain cells occurs after approximately _________ minutes without oxygen.
6
Physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
Fluctuations in pH due to available bicarbonate result in _________ acidosis or alkalosis.
metabolic
Continuous sound as air flows through a constricted lower airway High-pitched sound that may be heard on inspiration, expiration, or both
Wheezing
Shark fin capnographic waveform indicates
Bronchospasm and incomplete alveolar emptying
Marks where the upper airway ends and lower airway begins
Larynx
Process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
Respiration
Clinical finding in which systolic blood pressure drops more than 10 mm Hg during inhalation
May detect a change in pulse quality or even the disappearance of a pulse during inhalation
pulsus paradoxus.
Continuous, low-pitched sounds Indicate mucus or fluid in larger lower airways
Rhonchi
Hemoglobin loaded with CO
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
Known as the Adam’s apple
Thyroid cartilage
When ventilation is compromised but perfusion continues: Blood passes over alveolar membranes without gas exchange. Lack of oxygen diffusing into the circulatory system Carbon dioxide is recirculated into the bloodstream Results in ___________.
V/Q mismatch
Term for one- or two-word dyspnea
Staccato speech patterns
Occur when airflow causes mucus or fluid in the airways to move in the smaller lower airways
Crackles (formerly known as rales)
Spasmodic closure of the vocal cords, completely occluding the airway.
Laryngeal spasm (laryngospasm)
Located between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage Site for emergency surgical and nonsurgical access to the airway
Cricothyroid membrane
buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
Hypercarbia
A sudden inhalation, due to spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm, cut short by closure of the glottis
Hiccupping
Results from inflammation that causes the pleura to thicken.
Surfaces of the visceral and parietal pleura rub together.
Often creates stabbing pain with breathing or any movement of the thorax
Pleural friction rub
Oxygen Delivery Devices that provides 24% to 44% oxygen
Nasal Cannula
Narrowest portion of the adult airway
Glottis
pH of the blood is too high
Alkalosis
A slow, deep inhalation followed by a prolonged exhalation
Periodically hyperinflates the lungs, thereby reexpanding atelectatic (collapsed) alveoli
Sighing
Produces a loud, high-pitched sound typically heard during inspiration
Above the glottic opening obstruction
Stridor
Noninvasive means of providing ventilatory support for patients with respiratory distress
Increases pressure in the lungs
Opens collapsed alveoli
Pushes oxygen across alveolar membrane
Forces interstitial fluid back into circulation
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure