Anatomy
What is the primary bone that forms the lateral wall of the orbit?
Zygomatic bone
What is the most common site of fracture in osteoporosis?
The vertebrae (compression fractures).
What type of cartilage is found in the articular surfaces of synovial joints?
Hyaline cartilage
Which molecule provides the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
Which muscle is responsible for initiating abduction of the arm, and up to how many degrees does it perform this function?
The supraspinatus muscle; it abducts the arm for the first 15 degrees.
What is the diagnosis when a patient has difficulty climbing stairs and rising from a seated position, with elevated CK levels?
Myopathy (e.g., polymyositis or statin-induced myopathy).
What type of transport is achieved by dynin ?
Retrogade transport
Which form of vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption in bones?
calcitriol
Which lobe of the liver is anatomically divided by the ligamentum venosum and ligamentum teres?
The left lobe
What is the most common cause of right upper quadrant pain in a patient with a positive Murphy's sign?
Acute cholecystitis.
What type of epithelium lines the small intestine and is specialized for absorption?
Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli.
What is the primary function of the liver enzyme ALT (alanine aminotransferase)?
alanine to alpha-ketoglutarate to form pyruvate.
Which artery is commonly palpated to assess the pulse at the wrist, and where does it originate?
The radial artery, which originates from the brachial artery.
What is the name of the condition caused by a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limb?
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel called, and what type of cells is it composed of?
Tunica intima; composed of endothelial cells.
Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the vasculature?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
What fetal structure connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, and what does it become in the adult?
The ductus arteriosus; it becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in the adult.
Which fetal structure bypasses the liver, and what does it become in the adult?
the ductus venosus; it becomes the ligamentum venosum.
Which fetal structure is lined with trophoblast cells and facilitates nutrient exchange, and what does it become in the adult?
What fetal hemoglobin subtype has a higher affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin, and what is its composition?
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF); composed of two alpha and two gamma chains.