Lower GI Pathology
Retroperitoneal Structures & Body Wall
Liver Function Tests
Pharmacology & Therapeutics of Lower GI Tract
1
This condition classically presents with pain migrating from the periumbilical region to the right iliac fossa, with tenderness at McBurney's point.
What is APPENDICITIS
1
Roughly one-third of the way from the pubic crest to the umbilicus, marks where the inferior epigastric artery enters the rectus sheath and the sheath's posterior layer disappears.
What is the arcuate line?
1
In a patient with bilirubin markedly raised, ALT/AST normal, ALP/GGT markedly raised and albumin/INR normal, this clinical sign (yellowing of skin and sclera) would be expected on examination.
What is jaundice?
1
Presents with lymphoid follicular enlargement with ring of erythema.
Ulceration can progress to deep fissure ulcers with "cobblestone" appearance.
What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
2
These are the colonic longitudinal muscle — bundled into three bands rather than a continuous sheet — predisposes the sigmoid colon to diverticulosis
What are the TENIA COLI
Diverticulosis:
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Along with other vessels, this nerve passes through the inguinal canal in both males and females.
What is the ilioinguinal nerve?
2
This is the term for reduced or stopped bile flow, suggested by markedly raised ALP and GGT with raised bilirubin.
What is cholestasis?
2
This less-sedating antihistamine (blocks H1 receptors) anti-emetic is noted as suitable for use in pregnancy.
What is cyclizine?
3
Condition where twisting of bowel along the mesentery occurs.
This type of bowel obstruction classically affects the sigmoid colon in elderly, immobile patients and the caecum in younger adults.
What is VOLVULUS!
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These are the vertebral levels at which the kidneys typically lie, with the right side sitting slightly lower than the left.
What are at T12-L3?
3
This ratio of two liver transaminases, above 2:1, points toward alcohol rather than viral hepatitis as the cause.
What is AST:ALT ratio?
3
This synthetic opioid analogue for diarrhoea is considered free of central opioid side effects because of extensive first-pass metabolism and its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
What is loperamide?
4
This congenital condition, sometimes associated with Down syndrome, results from ganglion cells failing to migrate into the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the distal bowel.
What is HIRSCHPRUNG's DISEASE?
4
This anatomical triangle, bounded by the inferior epigastric vessels, the rectus sheath, and the inguinal ligament, is where a direct inguinal hernia protrudes.
What is the Hesselbach's triangle?
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End point liver failure can present with this condition: where there is a lack of certain protein, pitting oedema and ascites, which can lead to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
What is hypoalbuminaemia?
4
This drug class, the mainstay for inducing and maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis, includes sulfasalazine and mesalazine
What are 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA)?
5
This hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome, caused by an APC mutation, produces polyps throughout the colon and typically needs a prophylactic panproctocolectomy.
What is Familial Adenomatous Polyposis!
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The levels at which each of the vessels exit the diaphragm, respectively: T8, T10, T12
What level does the Inferior Vena Cava, Oesophagus & Aorta leave the diaphragm?
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This pair of tests — not ALT, AST, ALP or GGT — are the true markers of whether the liver can still make proteins like clotting factors.
What are albumin and INR (prothrombin time)?
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This class of anti-emetic, used for chemotherapy-induced nausea, acts on name-specific receptors but carries a risk of QT prolongation.
Acts on the GI tract & the chemoreceptive trigger zone (CTZ)What are 5HT₃-Receptor Antagonists?