MO Growth and attributes
These are the two factors that affect MO Growth and examples of both.
What is Environmental and Chemical
Environmental
- temp, ph, osmotic pressure, moisture, nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, sulfer, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, hydrogen, oxygen)
- environments within the body (skin, mouth, stomach, intestines, lungs )
Chemical
- carbs- energy
-proteins- structure, energy
- fats- energy, structure of membranes
- NA- genetic material and DNA syntheses
- atp- energy carrier
- vitamins- enzyme function
Heat
- Moist heat
-- autoclaving
--boiling
filtration
--HEPA
--Membrane sterilization
Dessication
Radiation
--ionizing (gamma, x rays, electron beams)
--nonionizing (UV)
Broad vs Narrow antibiotics risks and benifits
Broad
- large range of G+ and - bacteria
benefits: useful for treating and infection before ID
Risks: impacts normal host flora ex. Candida albicans trichomonas vaginalis
Narrow
benefits: specific target, fewer side-effects,
risks: requires knowledge of MO ID, takes time in the lab
Staphylococcus aureus is dangerous because it is associated with this type of resistance
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
vaccine: a product that when introduced into the body produces immunity from a disease. can be administered by mouth, injection, mouth or nasally
vaccination: this is the process of stimulation the body immune systems to protect against infectious diseases
immunization: process of which a person is made resistant or immune to an infectious disease
these are the phases and their implications of microbial growth
Lag: time between infection and symptoms (higher chance of medical intervention to work ex. Rabies shot immediately after a bite)
Log: Symptoms begin to develop (cell-to-cell recognition helps control behaviour, MO reproduces faster than the body can handle)
Stationary: 3 possibilities
- body catches up to rate of mo replication
- body is unable to handle infection and MO is running out of resources
- equilibrium of MO reproduction and removal is met
Death:
- body clears MO
- MO dies off b/c of a lack of resources
- Death of host or required tissue
These are examples of microbial control (with chemicals)
what is:
sterilization- destroy all mo life (yes endo, maybe prions)
disinfection- (kill or inhibit harmful MO)
sanitization- subtype of disinfection (reduce MO to safe levels)
antisepsis- (disinfect whole, live sample) ex. decontamination shower
degerming-localized antisepsis (ex. alcohol swab)
asepsis- absence of bacterial contamination
biocide/germicide-kills living cells
bacteriostasis- tx to HALT or PREVENT continued bacterial growth ex. FREEZER
This antimicrobial affects all 4 types of prokaryotes (Mycobacteria, G-, G+, Chlamydias/Rickettsia)
what is tetracycline
these are shortened for MDR-TB and RR-TB
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis- longer tx course (more money, less effective)
Rifampicin resistant TB
> 60% effectively cured
these are the characteristics of ideal vaccines
- mimic immunological response
- provide a continuous supply of antigens
- activates both cellular and humoral response (B and T, IgG, and lifelong memory)
A microbe can have one of these three chemical structures
beta lactam, penicillin, or polypeptide (please note, the penicillin chemical structure is a beta-lactam ring that also has other common molecules attached)
These are the names of some common chemical control agents
Triclosan- bisphenols- probably disrupt plasma membrane
Chlorhexidine (biguanides)
Alcohols- hand sani
soaps
quats (quaternary ammonia)
aldehydes - only chemical you can sterilize
these are the modes of actions of antimicrobials
1. inhibition of cell wall- penicillin x-link (gram +)
2. inhibition of protein synthesis- Streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, erythromycin)
3. inhibition of NA rep and transcription- Ciprofloxacin
4. injury to plasma membrane- amphotericin B, Ketoconazole
5. inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis- sulfonamides
NK cells have these characteristics
- non phagocytotic
-large
- granular lymphocytes
-kill by apoptosis in cancer and virus-infected cells
- secrete chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
tell me about the storage of vaccines
refrigerated, 2- 8 degrees celsius
- on product information
These are the three types of culture media and their properties and examples
what is culture media?
- initially sterile, liquid or solid
Selective and Differential
s: picky, encourages particular MO but prevents other
ex. Bismuth Sulfite for Salmonella typhi (no G+ mostly no G-)
ex. Sabouradus dextrose agar for fungi (ph 5.6)
d: different MOs have different properties and show up differently in the media
ex. Blood agar can show bacteria that hemolyzes red blood cells eg. streptococcus pyogenes
BONUS POINT: Mannitol Salt agar can be combined into one media (both selective and differential b/c salt doesn't allow some mos from growing and a ph indicator within the agar differentiates species that do grow (most likely S. aureus)
these are the MOA of drug resistance
1. block entry
2. inactivation of enzymes
3. alter target
4. efflux
(5. overproduce target)
this can be prescribed for the treatment of Candida auris
Fluconazole and Amphotercin B
MALT is the acronym for this structure
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
this is the perferered portal of entry for Influenza virus
what is mucous membrane-respiratory
antibiotic resistance arises in these two ways
random mutation, sharing plasmids.
spreads due to selective pressure (survival of the fittest)
Plasma membrane- regulates entry/ exit of nutrients/ waste (disrupt permeability)
Proteins- alter shape= change protein= no function
NA- Alters transfer of information and proper protein formation
Niclosamides are used to treat this
what is helminths
This is what LD50 measures
Toxicity- the lethal dose i=to kill 1/2 tested population
ex. botulinum toxin - 0.03 ng/kg
shiga toxin- 250 ng/kg
staphylococcol enterotoxin- 1350ng/kg
please write as many examples of portals of entry, pathogens, and diseases from table 15.1 that you remember from class
see table 15.1
Respiratory tract
- Bordetella Pertussis- whooping cough
- influenza virus- influenza
-rubella virus - rubells/ german measels
- epstein-barr virus- mononucleosis
gastrointestinal tract
-shigella spp.- shigellosis
-brucella spp- brucellosis
- hepatitis a-
genitourinary tract
-neisseria gonorrhoeae- gonorrhea
-chamydia trachomatis- nongonococcal urethritis
-candida albicans- candidiasis
skin or parenteral
- chlostridium tetani- tetanus
-rickettsia- rocky mountain spotted fever
-hepatitis b-
-rabiesvirus