As carbohydrates are broken down by the gut, what three things are released into the bloodstream?
GLP-1, GIP, and Glucose
100
What is the main cause for people with type 2 diabetes to reabsorb all of the glucose filtering through the kidneys?
An increased number of SGLTs
100
What is the main MOA of sulfonylureas and what organ do they target?
They increase insulin secretion by binding to the beta cell
100
What sport does Kristen spend most weekends watching her oldest daughter play?
Softball
200
What is the renal threshold for glucose in a person without type 2 diabetes?
180mg/dl
200
The muscle cannot efficiently uptake glucose for energy when what is present in type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
200
What is the MOA of SGLT-2 inhibitors?
They block glucose reabsorption by the kidneys and increase glucosuria.
200
Where did Kristen work before coming to Lilly?
Merck
300
What two things occur at the beta cell in a healthy individual?
1. Glucose enters the beta cell and releases insulin
2. GLP-1 and GIP bind to beta cell receptor to enhance insulin secretion in a glucose dependent manner
300
As the adipose tissue becomes resistant to the antilipolytic effect of insulin, what is there an increased concentration of in the bloodstream?
Glucose and FFA
300
TZDs work by increasing insulin sensitivity in what three organs?
Liver, muscle, and fat
300
What position did Kristen's husband play for the USC Gamecocks?
Punter
400
What is glucose stored as in the liver?
Glycogen
400
Elevated levels of what come from the alpha cell in type 2 diabetes?
Basal glucagon
400
What are the 5 core defects effected by GLP-1 RA?
Beta cell, alpha cell, GI tract, brain, and liver
400
What famous person did Kristen meet in Rome?
Mother Teresa
500
What is the incretin effect?
The difference between the insulin response following ingested glucose compared to the insulin response from IV glucose.
500
What is gluconeogenesis?
When the liver continues to form and produce glucose from noncarbohydrate resources, although insulin is present.
500
What is the MOA of DPP4 inhibitors?
They increase the levels of active incretin hormones, which stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose dependent manner and decrease the levels of glucagon, which suppresses hepatic glucose production.
500
What 2nd place trophy did Kristen earn in her early days that makes her want to go back and try for 1st?