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X-RAY
MRI
CT
ARTIFICAL LIMBS
KIDNEY DIALISIS
100
X-Rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation.
What are x-rays or what type of radiation is an x-ray?
100
It stands for magnetic resonance imaging.
What does MRI stand for?
100
An imaging procedure used to generate detailed pictures of structures inside the body.
What is a CT scan?
100
It started in the 1950s.
When did surgical joint replacement start?
100
Hemodialysis is another name for kidney dialysis.
What is another name for kidney dialysis?
200
X-Rays can be used to view any part of the body to detect tumor or cancer cells. They can also be used to see fractures, broken bones, examine teeth, or to see something int the body that could have been swallowed.
Why do people use x-rays?
200
In medicine, this method allows doctors to see tissues inside the body without the use of x-rays.
What does an MRI allow doctors to see?
200
It is an imaging procedure used to generate detailed pictures of structures inside the body.
What is Computerized Tomography?
200
The EEG was developed to measure electrical activity in different regions of the brain.
In the 1960s, the electroencephalogram (EEG) was invented. Why was the EEG developed?
200
The medical process of filtering waste products that have accumulated in the blood of patients whose kidneys are functioning at low levels.
What is kidney dialysis?
300
It sends x-ray particles through the body, and the images are recorded on computer film.
What does a x-ray machine do?
300
A magnetic field , radio waves , and a computer.
What does an MRI use?
300
Medical diagnosis and for planning, guiding, and monitoring therapy.
What is a CT scan used for?
300
In the 1970s, scientists found ways to measure electrical activity in different regions of the brain. Since then scientists have found ways to measure electrical activity in the brain, researchers have been developing ways of using primates’ neuronal activity to control external devices like prosthetic limbs.
Since then, what have researchers been doing?
300
The process works when blood from an artery of a patient is pumped through a dialyzer, also called an artificial kidney. Within the dialyzer, the blood flows through a membrane where special fluid on the other side of the membrane removes the waste products. The blood is then returned to the patient's body through a vein.
How does kidney dialysis work?
400
In an x-ray image, internal tissues, bones, and organs can be seen on the film. X-Rays can be used to view any part of the body to detect tumor or cancer cells.
What can you see with x-rays?
400
An MRI machine is used to examine heart, brain, liver, pancreas, reproductive organs and other tissues
What can you see with an MRI?
400
Tissues inside a solid organ.
What can a CT detect?
400
This year, researchers revealed a system that enables a paralyzed person to control a robotic arm using electrical signals from the brain. They can implant a small sensor on the surface of the motor cortex, the area of the brain that controls movement. The sensor sends electrical signals from the motor cortex to a computer, which then converts the signals into commands for the robotic arm.
This year, what system did researchers reveal?
400
Each time a patient was attached to a dialysis machine, both an artery and a vein had to be punctured, leading to eventual vessel deterioration. In 1960, scientists found a way to avoid this.
Long-term dialysis was not available until the 1960s. Why?
500
They burn out frequently, are fragile, and are expensive to manufacture and replace. Also the vacuum tubes that they use require high-voltage electronic support systems, which increases their cost and weight.
What are some limitations of a x-ray machine?
500
The excistence of metal in the body, such ascardiac pacemakers, can be a hazard because the strong magnets in the machines can attract the metals.
What is the main risk with an MRI?
500
The scanner can detect tissues inside a solid organ, and this data is transmitted to create a 3-D cross sectional picture of the part.
What does a CT scan do?
500
TMR is the technology that allows an amputee to control his or her prosthetic limb using thought alone. For example, if a person does not have an arm, doctors can reconnect the nerves that used to lead to the patient's amputated arm to their chest muscles. Whenever that person thinks about moving their arm, their chest muscle contracts instead. Electrodes pick up the signal from the chest muscle contraction direct it to the prosthetic arm, enabling the patient to move the arm using thought alone.
What is Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR)?
500
He designed a Teflon® and Silastic® shunt (two parallel tubes that are linked by a U-shaped connection) that could be inserted into a patient's artery or vein and left in place for months or even years.
Dr. Belding Scribner of Seattle, Washington, was able to create something to make long term dialysis possible. What did he create?