Diabetes & Insulin
What hormone deficiency characterizes diabetes mellitus?
Insulin deficiency
Which oral antidiabetic drug is also used to treat PCOS? (Polycystic ovary syndrome)
Metformin
Which type of insulin has the fastest onset of action?
Rapid-acting insulin (e.g., Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine)
What medication is used for hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
What hormone does octreotide (Sandostatin) suppress?
Growth hormone
What are two major types of medications used to treat diabetes?
Insulin and oral antidiabetic agents
What are common side effects of metformin?
GI effects, vitamin B12 deficiency, lactic acidosis
Which type of insulin has an onset of 30 minutes to 1 hour and a peak of 2–4 hours?
Short-acting insulin (Regular insulin)
What are signs of levothyroxine overmedication?
Anxiety, chest pain, tachycardia
What disorder is octreotide used to treat in children?
Gigantism
What is the main purpose of insulin therapy?
To control blood glucose levels and prevent complications of hyperglycemia
What is the primary purpose of oral antidiabetic agents in Type 2 diabetes management?
To control blood glucose levels along with diet and exercise
Which insulin type has an onset of 1–2 hours and lasts up to 24 hours with no pronounced peak?
Long-acting insulin (e.g., Glargine or Detemir)
Which radioactive substance destroys thyroid cells in hyperthyroidism?
Radioactive Iodine (I-131)
What are complications of octreotide therapy?
GI disturbance, glucose imbalance, liver injury
Which type of insulin deficiency occurs with Type 1 diabetes?
Absolute deficiency
Which oral medication increases insulin release from the pancreas and can cause hypoglycemia?
Glipizide or Repaglinide
What is the typical onset time for rapid-acting insulin?
About 15–30 minutes
What are major complications of radioactive iodine therapy?
Radiation sickness, bone marrow depression, hypothyroidism
What is the therapeutic use of hydrocortisone?
Replacement therapy for adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease, adrenal crisis)
What happens to cellular resistance in diabetes mellitus?
It increases, reducing insulin effectiveness
Which oral agent is contraindicated in patients with severe shock, infection, or kidney impairment due to risk of lactic acidosis?
Metformin
Arrange these in order of fastest to slowest onset: NPH, Lispro, Regular, Glargine.
Lispro → Regular → NPH → Glargine
What medication is used as adrenal hormone replacement?
Hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef)
What syndrome can result from chronic corticosteroid use?
Cushing Syndrome