The Early Middle Ages
These two geographic features provided protection as well as possibilities for trade.
What are rivers and seas?
A person of a lower-ranking noble who served a lord.
What is a vassal?
In the late 800s, Vikings from Scandinavia attacked Britain, where these people had founded many small kingdoms.
Who were the Anglo-Saxons?
In the medieval universities, a student could earn a doctorate in law, medicine, or in this field- the study of religion and God.
What is theology?
In the 1300s, the plague that spread from Asia to Europe was known as this.
What was the Black Death?
Much of Scandinavia has narrow inlets of the sea.
What are fjords?
By 500 C.E., Western Europe had divided into many of these kingdoms.
What is Germanic?
These lower-ranking vassals were armed warriors who fought on horseback.
What are knights?
In the fall of 1066, this Duke of Normandy landed in England to defeat Harold Godwinson to become king of England.
Who was William the Conqueror?
This Dominican friar, who tried to find agreement between Aristotle's teachings and Christian teachings became scholasticism's greatest champion.
Who was Thomas Aquinas?
What are wages?
Nobles governed and protected the people in return for services led to a new political and social order.
What is feudalism?
In 481, he became king of the Franks and 15 years later, he became the first Germanic ruler to accept Catholic Christianity.
Who was Clovis?
There were two groups of peasants- serfs and these people who paid the noble for the right to farm the land.
Who were freemen?
The Latin term for an order to bring a jailed person before a judge to find out whether that person should actually be in jail.
What is habeas corpus?
Early English, Italian, Spanish, French, and German were considered languages in everyday life.
What is vernacular?
This dispute was caused when two and even three church leaders claimed to be the rightful pope.
What was the Great Schism?
This modern day gesture is a result of English archers being captured and having this digit cut off.
What is the middle finger or the bird (flipping someone off)?
This Frankish king sent his armies into neighboring lands and nearly doubled the size of his kingdom to include what is today Germany, France, northern Spain, and most of Italy.
Who was Charlemagne?
Under the crop rotation system, this portion of land was left while the rest was farmed.
What is one-third?
At Runnymede, King John was forced to sign this Great Charter which placed limits on the king's power.
What is the Magna Carta?
This religious order's chief goal was to defend the teachings of the Church.
Who were the Dominicans?
When Joan of Arc was captured by the English, she was accused and tried for this.
What is heresy?
A trial jury decides if a person is innocent or guilty. This other kind of jury decides if people should be accused of a crime.
What is a grand jury?
After Duke Otto of Saxony's rule as king, these two emperors of a shared name, tried to bring Germany and Italy under a strong central government.
Who were Frederick I and Frederick II?
These three Italian cities built fleets of trading ships and became major trading centers.
What are Venice, Pisa, and Genoa?
Crusaders helped Christian kings fight to regain much of this Muslim-controlled peninsula, which is present-day Spain and Portugal.
What is the Iberian Peninsula?
This Church court was set up to question and deal with people accused of heresy.
What was the Inquisition?
Muslims who ruled what is now Portugal and Spain set up schools and built beautiful mosques and palaces such as this one in Granada.
What is the Alhambra?
These two non-Muslim groups were allowed to continue practicing their religions by paying a special tax.
Who were Christians and Jews?
In 1122, a new German king and a new pope signed an agreement that only the pope could choose bishops, but only the king or emperor could give them government posts.
What was the Concordat of Worms?
Guilds set the price for a product or service, set and enforced standards of quality for products and decided...
What is who could join a trade (guild)?
In Sicily, the Muslim mapmaker Muhammad al-Idrisi created a book containing 70 maps of the known world.
What is the Book of Roger?
In medieval Europe, these two things were forbidden for Jews.
What is own land and practice certain trades (jobs)?
By 1250, the only remaining Muslim kingdom was Granada. Meanwhile, there were three Christian kingdoms.
What are Portugal, Castile, and Aragon?
These descendants of the northwestern European Vikings ruled Sicily, but they also understood that groups already living there could help trade grow.
Who were the Normans?