The Franks & Early Medieval Europe
This Frankish king united the Frankish tribes and converted to Christianity in 496 CE.
Who is Clovis?
In feudalism, the land grant given to a vassal was called this.
What is a fief?
Young boys began training for knighthood at about age seven with this title.
What is a page?
This lowest-ranking clergy member served a local parish and performed five sacraments.
Who is the parish priest?
In 1066, he led the Norman invasion of England and won the Battle of Hastings.
Who is William the Conqueror?
This issue involved kings appointing bishops, which church leaders argued should be clergy-only.
What is lay investiture?
This ruler defeated the Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours in 732, stopping their advance into Western Europe.
Who is Charles Martel?
A noble who received land and owed loyalty and military service was known as this.
What is a vassal?
Medieval knights often used this heavy, overlapping metal armor that replaced chain mail.
What is plate armor?
The Church collected this tax, equal to one-tenth of a person’s income.
What is the tithe?
This 1215 document limited the English king’s power and protected noble rights.
What is the Magna Carta?
Holy Roman Emperors and popes both claimed their authority came from this source.
What is God?
This dynasty replaced the Merovingians when Pépin the Short was anointed king in 751.
What is the Carolingian Dynasty?
This system organized daily life and economic production on medieval estates.
What is manorialism?
These specially bred horses were strong enough to carry armored knights.
What is a destrier (warhorse)?
These two sacraments could be performed only by bishops.
What are confirmation and holy orders?
This English record, completed in 1086, surveyed every village, field, and animal for taxation.
What is the Domesday Book?
This type of Church punishment denied individuals access to the sacraments and removal from the church.
What is excommunication?
On Christmas Day 800, Pope Leo III crowned this ruler as “Emperor of the Romans.”
Who is Charlemagne?
This farming method used three rotating fields to improve soil and crop production.
What is the three-field system?
This term describes the large stone tower at the center of a castle, used for storage, defense, and living quarters.
What is the keep?
These religious communities copied manuscripts, provided charity, and preserved ancient knowledge.
What are monasteries?
This French king created the Estates General and taxed the clergy, sparking conflict with Pope Boniface VIII.
Who is Philip IV (Philip the Fair)?
This stronger punishment closed all churches in a ruler’s territory until they obeyed the pope.
What is an interdict?
This treaty divided Charlemagne’s empire into three kingdoms in 843.
What is the Treaty of Verdun?
The code that required knights to be loyal, brave, fair, and courteous—especially to noblewomen.
What is the Code of Chivalry?
This system of justice relied on dangerous physical tests such as boiling water or hot iron.
What is trial by ordeal?
This Church court sought out heresy and sometimes handed accused people to authorities for execution.
What is the Inquisition?
This dynasty that began with Hugh Capet ruled France until 1328.
What is the Capetian Dynasty?
This pope led the medieval Church to its greatest power and claimed divine supremacy over all rulers.
Who is Pope Innocent III?