Geography
Name the body of water that separates southern England from northern France.
English Channel
What type of religious communities (built throughout Europe) helped spread Christianity and supported the Church?
Monasteries
Who was the leader crowned Holy Roman Emperor who expanded Christianity across his empire?
Charlemagne
What economic system organized life on manors?
Manorialism
Who invaded and became Duke of Normandy, winning the Battle of Hastings?
William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy)
Which sea borders southern Europe and was important for trade in medieval times?
Mediterranean Sea
Who crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor, strengthening the pope’s political power?
Pope Leo III
Define feudalism.
Feudalism: political system where landowners control and protect workers in return for their labor.
Which group was the largest and responsible for farming in the manorial system?
Serfs
Name the record book William the Conqueror created to help control England.
Domesday Book (Doomsday Book)
Name the mountain range that runs across central Europe.
Alps Mountains
Give one example of cooperation between a pope and a ruler.
Charlemagne cooperating with Pope Leo III (Charlemagne supported the Church and Pope Leo III crowned him)
Name two ways Charlemagne influenced the development of feudalism.
He gave land to important members of his empire; he awarded titles to important members.
Describe the exchange of goods and services between lords and serfs on the manor.
Lords controlled daily life on the manor, provided protection and land; serfs worked the land and kept a small portion of their harvest.
Which important document limited the king’s power and gave more rights to nobles?
Magna Carta
Which mountains form a natural boundary between Europe and Asia?
Ural Mountains
Give one example of conflict between a pope and a ruler.
King Henry and Pope Gregory — conflict
Which social class most directly controlled life on the manor and influenced medieval government?
Nobles/lords
List two agricultural improvements that increased farm productivity.
Horse collar; iron tools; three-field crop rotation; wheeled plow with iron blade.
Which English monarch was forced to sign that document in 1215?
King John
Identify the island nation that lies to the west of Great Britain.
Ireland
Explain how Pope Leo III’s crowning of Charlemagne affected the power of the papacy.
It increased the power of the papacy because the pope crowned the emperor, showing the pope could choose or legitimize secular rulers.
Explain how Charlemagne helped spread Christianity throughout his empire.
He spread Christianity throughout his empire often by force or by enforcing conversion.
Explain how improvements in agriculture helped medieval towns and cities grow.
Surplus harvests let lords sell in cities and increased population, which helped towns grow.
Define “Rule of Law” and name one English legal practice influenced by the Magna Carta.
Rule of Law: No one, not even kings, is above the law. Practice influenced: Trial by jury.