Vocabulary
What was a large estate owned by a lord or knight called?
A manor
Who was the missionary that converted many people in Ireland to Christianity?
Saint Patrick
What group made up the lowest class in the feudal system?
Serfs/Peasants
What religion was most widely practiced in Europe during the Middle Ages?
Christianity
What deadly disease killed tens of millions of people during the Middle Ages?
Black Death
What do we call a person who pledged loyalty to a lord in exchange for land?
A vassal
Who united many Europeans into one kingdom and was named emperor of Western Europe?
Charlemagne
What invention helped increase food production and led to the decline of feudalism?
Iron plow
What did the Benedictine Rule require of monks and nuns?
Growing spiritually through prayer and work
What two countries fought in the Hundred Years’ War?
England and France
What is the term for a religious man who lives in an isolated community?
A monk
Who became the first Norman king of England?
William the Conquerer
What did peasants get in return for working on a lord’s land? (2 things)
Protection and a place to live
Why did Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV clash?
Disagreements on who could appoint bishops
What caused the Black Death to spread to Europe?
Trade from Central Asia bringing rats infected with fleas
What is an agricultural laborer who farmed their lord’s land and could not leave it without permission
Serf
Who inspired the French army during the Hundred Years’ War before being captured and killed?
Joan of Arc
What are the four main groups in feudal society, from highest to lowest?
Monarchs, lords, vassals, and serfs
Why did Pope Urban II start the Crusades?
To take control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims
What region did the Reconquista focus on reclaiming?
Iberian Peninsula
What does it mean to be excommunicated?
Being banned from the Christian Church for crimes or wrongdoings
Who were the rulers that established the Inquisition in Spain?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
What were guilds?
Associations of specialized craftspeople who performed the same job
What was one long-term effect of the Crusades on European society?
Increased trade between Europe and Asia
What were two results of the Hundred Years’ War?
Parliament gaining power and France experiencing political instability