French
This teenage peasant claimed divine visions and led French troops to lift the siege of Orléans in 1429 C.E.
Who is Joan of Arc?
in 1066 C.E., this Duke left his French duchy to conqueror the entirety of England. solidifying is rule at the Battle of Hastings.
Who is William the Conqueror?
In 1419 C.E., Hussite followers, led by Jan Zelivsky, threw city officials out of a window, igniting the Hussite Wars and marking a significant moment in Czech/Bohemian history.
What is The (First) Defenestration of Prague?
during the high middle ages, 11th-15th centuries, several Italian coastal cities became powerful, semi-independent naval states known as the Maritime Republics. This particular city state was known for its trade with Byzantium and even the Islamic world and became one of the wealthiest cities in Europe.
What is Venice?
led by Subutai in 1237-1240 C.E., this empire invaded the Kievan Rus', making it all the way to the city of Kiev and destroying it.
What is the Mongol Empire?
King Philip IV of France arrested Pope Boniface VIII in 1303. Shortly after Boniface's death, in 1305 Frenchman named Clement V took the Papacy and proceeded to move it to this city.
What is Avignon?
During this famous battle in 1415 C.E., Henry V of England manage to beat the odds against a superior French force. This resulted in the devistation of the French nobility, as well as strengthen Henry's claim to the French Throne.
What is the battle of Agincourt?
created in 1190 C.E. during the third Crusade, this group of knights would be invied in 1226 C.E. to northeastern Europe by Konrad I of Masovia to help subdue pagan Baltic tribes known as the Old Prussian as well as conquer their land.
What is The Teutonic Order?
What is the University of Bologna?
This person, who was known as the grand prince of Moscow, was the first to preclaimed tsar of Russia in 1547 C.E. and became known for his centralized administraion and brutal miltitary discipline.
Who is Ivan the Terible?
In order to strengthen his political position during a major conflict with pope Boniface VIII, in 1302 C.E. Philip IV called for this meeting between the clergy, nobility, and commoners of his kingdom.
What is the 1st Estates-General?
The Wars of the Roses, 1455-1487 C.E., was a civil war in England between two rival branches of the royal Plantagenet family: House of Lancaster, House of York. The civil war effectively comes to an end during this battle when Henry Tudor defeats Richard III in 1485 C.E.
What is the Battle of Bosworth Field?
During the Hussite Wars, 1419-1434 C.E., this Czech general led the Hussite forces in battles against three crusades and remained undefeated throughout his military career all while losing his eyesight.
Who is Jan Žižka?
Known for his works like the fresco cycle in the Scrovegni Chapel, Church of Santa Croce, and designing the bell tower of Florence Cathedral. This person, living from 1267-1337 C.E., was one of the most important figures of late medieval Italy and is often considered a bridge between medieval art and the Renaissance.
Who is Giotto di Bondone?
in 988 C.E., this ruler officially adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity into the kingdom of Rus' in order to strengthen his authoirty and connect Rus' to powerful Christian neighbors.
Who is Vladimir the Great?
On Christmas Day in 800 C.E., Pope Leo III crowned this person as the "Emperor of the Romans," effectively becoming the first Emperor of what later became known as the Holy Roman Empire.
Who is Charlemagne?
Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, so in 1534 C.E. he issued this decree that declared the king, not the pope, is the supreme head of the Church of England. This resulted in the severing of England form the Roman Catholic Church as well as the rise of Protestantism in England.
What is the Act of Supremacy?
In order to to find an emperor that they could control, the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire elected this person in 1273 C.E. Underestimating his ambition, this person quickly consolidated power from the princes and began the long ascent of the House of Habsburg.
Who is Rudolf I?
this uprising, started in Palermo Sicily, was started by these rebels in 1282 C.E. to get rid of the French rule over the island started by Charles I. Tales say that it started during evening prayer when a French soldier insulted a Sicilian woman.
What is The Sicilian Vespers?
in 1242 C.E., The Catholic Teutonic Order expanded their crusade into Russian Orthodox land, leading to Alexander Nevsky to win this crucial battle in the winter in a very clever manner to save Novgorod.
What is The Battle on the Ice?
In 732 C.E., Charles Martel assembled a large Frankish force to defend against the invading Umayyad Muslim army which had crossed the Pyrenees. After several days of fighting, Martel was able to beat the Muslims in this battle.
What is the Battle of Tours (Battle of Poitiers)?
This person was a Benedictine monk sent by Pope Gregory I to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England to Christanity. After arriving in Kent in 597 C.E., he helped organize and establish the Christian church structure in England.
Who is Augustine of Canterbury?
This crusade is commonly seen as an extention of the Second Crusade in 1147 C.E., as German leaders decided to invade and attack the various Slavic tribes east of the Elbe River due to their practice of pagan religions.
What is The Wendish Crusade?
This league was a powerful alliance of northern Italian city-states formed to resist the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, in 1167 C.E.
What is the Lombard League?
in 862 C.E., this Varangian Viking chieftain established his rule in Novgorod to stabalize internal conflicts between Slavic and Finnic tribes. resulting in the traditional founding of Rus'
who is Rurik?