Instruments
Precursor of the oboe
Shawm
These instruments accompany Gregorian Chant
None. It was sung unaccompanied.
Polyphony is defined as this
Polyphony refers to the simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodic lines.
The most prominent composer of this period, known for his motets, masses and secular songs
Guillaume de Machaut
He was the most prominent composer of the Italian Trecento
Francesco Landini
The Papal residence was moved from Rome to this French city in 1309, affecting the patronage of music.
Avignon
This instrument was used primarily to accompany singing and recite poetry
Lyre
Gregorian Chant was primarily sung in this language.
Latin
The practice of adding a second voice to a pre-existing plainchant melody (the cantus firmus is known as this
Organum
Isorhythm
The form typically features a repeating refrain or ritornello after two or more stanzas of similar structure
Balatta
The move (mentioned above) resulted in this important period of division in the Catholic Church
The Great Schism
The sackbut uses this to change pitch
slide
One of these is a feature of Gregorian Chant:
B. Rhythmically Free
The major center for the development of polyphony during the late 12th and early 13th centuries was here
The Notre Dame School in Paris
Traditionalists criticized Ars Nova mainly for this reason
The use of secular text
The Italian Trecento favored this genre of song, usually for two or three voices.
Madrigal
This 14th-century catastrophe killed between one-third and one-half of Europe’s population.
The Black Death (Plague)
This instrument needed water to function
Hydraulis - Medieval Water Organ
The purpose of Gregorian Chant was this
To support the liturgy
Name the two types of Organum
Parallel (parallel motion) and Free (more rhythmically independant)
The term Ars Nova comes from a 1320s treatise by this French composer-theorist.
Philippe de Vitry
This was the number of vocal lines typical to a madrigal
Two
The Ars Nova era coincided with the growth of these urban institutions, which trained clergy and intellectuals.
Universities
The precursor to the violin, but with a flatter body and fewer strings, is called...
Vielle
This describes the texture of Gregorian Chant
Monophonic
These were the two pioneering composers of early polyphany
Léonin and Pérotin
A more precise rhythmic innovation introduced during this period.
An instrument frequently used to accompany Balletas, and on which Landini was said to be a virtuoso
Organ
The Hundred Years’ War began in 1337 between France and this country.
England
Wind instrument typically played in pairs, and associated with the god Dionysos.
Aulos
Gregorian chants were written using these types of scales.
The eight modes
The chant melody, sung in elongated notes in the tenor, is known as this.
Cantus Firmus
The new notational device that allowed for more precise rhythm, especially syncopation.
The Minim
The motet originated in the early 13th century,
developed from a type of polyphonic compositionin which a new text (usually in Latin or French) was added to
the upper voice (or voices) of an existing plainchant or
organum.
The clausula
Disputes over complex polyphony in church reflected a broader medieval debate about this balance.
Sacred vs. Secular
(Faith vs. Reason)