ABG
This ABG value reflects the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood and indicates respiratory function.
What is PaCO2?
This clinical sign, often observed in patients with fluid overload, is characterized by the presence of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces, particularly noticeable in the lower extremities and sacral area.
What is edema?
This electrolyte imbalance is characterized by a serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L and can cause symptoms such as headache, confusion, and seizures.
What is hyponatremia?
This life-threatening condition, typically seen in type 2 diabetes, is characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels, severe dehydration, and absence of significant ketosis.
What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
This clinical stage of HIV infection is characterized by a severely weakened immune system, with a CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³, and is associated with the occurrence of opportunistic infections.
What is AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)?
This ABG value measures the balance between acidic and basic components in the blood, typically maintaining a range of 22-26 mEq/L, and can indicate metabolic disturbances when altered.
What is HCO3 (bicarbonate)?
This sound, heard upon auscultation of the lungs, is often an indicator of fluid overload and is characterized by a crackling or bubbling noise, typically heard during inspiration.
What are crackles?
This electrolyte imbalance is characterized by a serum chloride level less than 97 mEq/L and can cause symptoms such as dehydration, muscle cramps, and metabolic alkalosis.
What is hypochloremia?
This primary treatment intervention for Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) involves the administration of intravenous fluids to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
What is IV fluid resuscitation?
This type of medication, essential in the treatment of HIV, works by inhibiting the replication of the virus and includes classes such as NRTIs, NNRTIs, and protease inhibitors.
What are antiretroviral drugs?
This condition is characterized by a pH less than 7.35, an elevated PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg, and a normal or increased HCO3- as a compensatory response.
What is respiratory acidosis?
This type of heart failure is a common cause of fluid overload and is characterized by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs and other tissues.
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
This condition, marked by a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L, can result in symptoms such as thirst, dry mucous membranes, and restlessness.
What is hypernatremia?
This electrolyte, often monitored and corrected during the treatment of HHS, is crucial for cardiac function and may be significantly depleted due to osmotic diuresis.
What is potassium?
This type of white blood cell, also known as CD4 cells, is targeted and destroyed by HIV, leading to a weakened immune system and increased vulnerability to infections.
What are T-helper cells (or CD4 cells)?
This condition is diagnosed when the pH is greater than 7.45, PaCO2 is less than 35 mm Hg, and the HCO3- is normal or slightly decreased as a compensatory response.
What is respiratory alkalosis?
This daily nursing intervention is crucial for monitoring fluid balance in patients with fluid overload, involving the measurement of a patient's weight at the same time each day.
What are daily weights?
This electrolyte imbalance, characterized by a serum potassium level less than 3.5 mEq/L, can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, cramping, and cardiac arrhythmias.
What is hypokalemia?
This symptom, common in patients with HHS, is characterized by extreme thirst and excessive fluid intake, resulting from severe hyperglycemia and dehydration.
What is polydipsia?
This laboratory test, commonly used to diagnose HIV, detects the presence of antibodies and antigens in the blood and is often followed by a confirmatory test if positive.
What is the HIV ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) test?
This ABG value indicates the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs and is normally between 80-100 mm Hg in a healthy individual.
What is PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)?
This laboratory test, often elevated in patients with fluid overload, measures the concentration of a protein that is produced in response to stretching of the heart chambers.
What is B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)?
This electrolyte imbalance, often caused by hyperparathyroidism, is characterized by a serum calcium level greater than 10.5 mg/dL and can lead to symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, and kidney stones.
What is hypercalcemia?
This diagnostic finding is often present in HHS and is characterized by blood glucose levels typically exceeding 600 mg/dL.
What is severe hyperglycemia?
This opportunistic infection, often seen in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS, is caused by a fungus and can lead to severe respiratory issues, identified by symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath.
What is Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?