History & Facts
what is the purpose of the phospholipid bilayer?
what is it allows the molecules to pass through freely that need to while keeping out others that can't, requiring them to use channels or transporters
True or false: not all neurons have myelin
what is true?
true or false: threshold potential is at -40mV
what is false?
true or false: synaptic vesicles are filled with NT by transporters
what is true?
Define a ligand
what is the molecule that binds to a receptor
If an ion channel was selective for monovalent cations, what ions would be able to pass through? Name them all if there's more than one.
What is Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)?
what is the name of the gaps on the axon not covered in myelin?
What is the nodes of Ranvier?
resting membrane potential... (mention the side that's more negative or positive)
what is -65 mV and intracellular is more negative (or extracellular is more positive)?
definition of the potential change when Cl- goes into the neuron (name the change in the membrane potential, the answer doesn't start with an h or d)
what is IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)?
The receptor(s) that GABA binds to
ionotropic (GABA-A) and metabotropic (GABA-B) which are less common
Describe the rate at which ions are exchanged in the sodium potassium pump
For every 2 potassium ions that are pumped in, 3 sodium ions are pumped out
Name the ions that are found intracellularly (inside) and extracellularly (outside) a neuron
What is...
Intracellular: Potassium
Extracellular: Sodium, Chloride, Calcium
(Banana in a salty milk pool)
name the 5 phases of action potential with the necessary charges
what is membrane potential reaches threshold (-55mV), rising phase, overshooting (40mV), falling phase, and undershooting (-80mV)?
what is affected if a neuron wants to send a bigger message? firing rate or AP size, please explain
What is messages are fired at a more frequent rate because it isn't possible for a cell's action potential to change shape or size, they are an all or nothing event!
The main function of glutamate
the main excitatory neurotransmitter in
the brain; responsible for
transmitting signals quickly
Name the scientists that used the Golgi staining to prove their hypothesis which led to their winning of the Nobel Prize
Who are Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Camillo Golgi?
What is saltatory conduction?
what is the way we see APs jump between one Node of Ranvier to the next?
DAILY DOUBLE: explain the difference between the absolute refractory period and relative refractory period
what is...
absolute refractory comes from the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels and there's no way they can be activated for a couple of milliseconds
relative refractory period has the possibility of being activated if it gets a strong enough stimulus
name the condition that must be fulfilled for the calcium terminals to allow calcium to enter, and describe what calcium does once it enters
what is the terminal must be very depolarized and triggers release of neurotransmitters
GABA binds to ionotropic receptors so chlorine rushes into the cell, what is the result of that chlorine coming in?
What is an IPSP/inhibitory postsynaptic potential?
What methods of communication are most commonly used between the synapses in our neurons?
What are chemical synapses or chemical messaging?
let's say we have a condition that damages the dendrites of a neuron. please explain what'd happen as a result
what is that neuron would have a hard time receiving signals from other neurons, making it hard to function properly?
a poison causes the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels which leads to this action (hint: don't think about it literally, what happens to the APs)
what is the action potentials wouldn't be transmitted effectively?
if a drug blocked our voltage-gated calcium channel, explain the results
what is there's no trigger to release of neurotransmitters?
The precursors of Dopamine
What are tyrosine and L-dopa?