A change in the order of the nucleotide bases in DNA is called what?
What is mutation?
100
This is what DNA stands for
What is deoxyribonucleic acid
100
Name the four nucleotides that make up the DNA of all living organisms (hint:g, a and t, c)
What are Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine, Cytosine?
100
Replication begins when an enzyme (protein) breaks this that hold the two strands of a DNA molecule together, unzipping the molecule
What are the hydrogen bases?
100
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains information that is used to make this type of molecule
What are proteins?
200
DNA and proteins are in this form before a cell divides
What is chromatin?
200
This is a basic unit of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
What is a nucleotide?
200
This is why DNA is capable of holding so much genetic information
What is that it is a VERY long (2 meters long)?
200
In step 2, these pair up with the open bases on the DNA strand
What is free nucleotide-bases from the surrounding cytoplasm?
200
These are the three types of RNA and what each of them make
What are 1. messenger RNA, 2. ribosomal RNA, and 3. transfer RNA; which all make specific types of protein
300
This scientist developed a rule that determined the amount of nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G) in the DNA molecule
Who is Chargaff?
300
This structure contains one or more atoms of nitrogen and is part of the "rung" of the DNA ladder.
What is a nitrogenous base
300
These are the three major parts of a nucleotide
What is phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen(ous) base?
300
In step 3, the sugar and the phosphate parts of the free nucleotides bond together to form this part of the new strand
What are the sides of the DNA molecule or ladder?
300
RNA, like DNA, is a nucleic acid, however RNA is different in these three ways
What is that it is 1. single-stranded, 2. the sugar in RNA is ribose, and 3. RNA has all the same nitrogenous bases, except it has uracil (U) instead of thymine
400
Two nitrogen bases that "match up" chemically with each other are called
What is complementary?
400
Who were the three scientists whose work determined the structure of DNA?
Who are Franklin, Watson and Crick
400
Before a cell can divide, either by meiosis or mitosis, it must first do this
What is replicate its DNA?
400
DNA is copied in this phase of the cell cycle
What is interphase, before mitosis and meiosis?
400
This type of RNA brings instructions from DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm and binds to the rRNA in the ribosome
What is messenger RNA (or mRNA)?
500
Name one reason why proteins are important.
What is that proteins build the structures in the organism, determine its traits and run the chemical processes of the organism?
500
Because DNA consists of two strands, twisted together, the shape is called this
What is a double helix?
500
In a strand of DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine, and guanine always pairs with cytosine. What is the order of the bases on the other half of this strand of DNA, GGCTTACCG?
What is CCGAATGGC?
500
The process of DNA replication creates two molecules of DNA. What does each molecule consist of?
What is one strand from the original molecule and one new strand from the free nucleotides in the nucleus?
500
This type of RNA is like the supplier, it delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein