STM
What is the duration of short-term memory (STM)?
18-30 seconds
How is information coded in long-term memory (LTM)?
Semantic (Meaning)
What did those in the weapon focus study witness the confederate holding when leaving the the lab
Bloody paper knife or Greasy pen
What are the two main explanations of forgetting?
Interference and retrieval failure.
What is the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
About 3-4 objects.
What type of memory is used for skills like riding a bike?
Procedural memory.
Who is the leading researcher in eyewitness testimony (EWT)?
Elizabeth Loftus.
Define proactive interference with an example
ast learning interferes with current attempts to learn something new, e.g., giving out an old phone number instead of a new one.
What is the role of the Central Executive in the WMM
It directs attention to particular tasks and determines how resources are allocated to tasks - Limited Capacity
Name the two sub-types of explicit memory
episodic memory and semantic memory.
Give a limitation of studies into EWT
Poor Ecological Validity
What are the two types of retrieval failure
State-dependent & Context dependent
What Technique is used in the study on STM duration
Trigrams
How did the case study of HM support the distinction between different types of LTM?
M could not form episodic or semantic memories but could learn new procedural skills, showing different types of LTM.
What did Geiselman et al. (1984) find about the effectiveness of the cognitive interview?
Cognitive interviewers obtained up to 35% more correct details about simulated events than untrained interviewers.
What were the 2 conditions for Goodwins (1969) study on state dependent forgetting?
drunk (3x driving limit!) or sober.
Which part of the WMM is also known as the 'Inner ear'
Phonological store
What is the name of the tendency to recall the first words in a list, indicating they entered STM and were rehearsed into LTM.
Primacy Effect
What were the findings of Gabbert et al.'s (2003) study on post-event discussion?
1% of witnesses in the co-witness group recalled information they had not actually seen, highlighting the powerful effect of post-event discussion on EWT accuracy.
Describe the study that showed context dependent forgetting
Recall was higher when divers were tested in the same environment they learned the list (underwater or on land), showing the importance of context cues.