Encoding and Processing
_____________________ is the unconscious process of encoding certain information WITHOUT effort.
Automatic processing
What are the 3 memory storage systems?
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
_________________ is the final memory process of getting information out of storage.
Retrieval
_________________ is organizing information into meaningful groups or units.
chunking
If the primacy effect is occurring, you are more likely to remember what items?
items at the beginning of the list
How can you add meaning to information by applying the self reference effect?
relate the material to your own life
What makes information move from short-term memory to long-term memory?
rehearsal
Does the retrieval of explicit memories require conscious effort?
yes
What is the continuation of rehearsal after mastery?
Overlearning
The conscious repetition of information is ________________.
rehearsal/practice
Why does distributed rehearsal work better than massed rehearsal (cramming)?
less fatigue and rehearsal quality is more stable
Is visual information held in iconic store or echoic store?
iconic
If after studying at your desk, you were able to recall information easier during a test you are displaying the _____________ effect.
context
____________________ is a vivid memory of an emotionally charged moment or event.
flashbulb memory
How long is auditory information held in echoic storage in sensory memory?
3-4 seconds
PEMDAS and "spring forward, fall back" are examples of __________________________.
mnemonic devices
What is the capacity for short-term memory according to George Miller?
7+/-2
_________________________ is the enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and/or emotional state as you were when you encoded the information.
state dependency
After presented a list of words, you can only remember the last four. What phenomenon is likely occurring?
recency effect
___________ is a retrieval problem that occurs when one memory gets in the way of another.
Interference
__________________ is the process to make material meaningful.
semantic encoding
Is conscious effort required to maintain memories in long-term memory?
no
If you cannot remember your class schedule from last semester, but you know your current schedule what type of interference are you experiencing.
retroactive interference
Sally cannot remember where she works, but knows that she is creative. She is struggling to make new memories. Sally had a car accident and hit her head 4 weeks ago. What memory disorder does Sally likely have?
amnesia
List the 7 factors that influence encoding.
effort, order/serial position effect, spacing of rehearsal, meaning, visual images, mnemonic devices or memory tricks, organization