Types of LTM
This type of memory stores knowledge about how to do something, like driving.
What is procedural memory?
This refers to taking in information and representing it in memory.
What is encoding?
Craik & Lockhart (1972) proposed this approach.
What is the levels-of-processing approach?
This effect means we remember more if we relate information to ourselves.
What is the self-reference effect?
This principle says recall improves when retrieval conditions match encoding conditions.
What is the encoding specificity principle?
This type of memory involves personal experiences or events, like remembering a crime.
What is episodic memory?
This refers to keeping information in memory over time.
What is storage?
This kind of processing focuses on meaning and is considered deeper.
What is semantic processing?
One reason the self-reference effect works is because the self provides this.
What are rich retrieval cues?
According to encoding specificity, forgetting is more likely when these two things do not match.
What are encoding context and retrieval context?
This type of memory includes facts about the world, like knowing the 50 states.
What is semantic memory?
This refers to locating and accessing information stored in memory.
What is retrieval?
This kind of processing focuses on physical characteristics like ink color.
What is shallow processing?
According to the slides, self-reference encourages this process because it helps connect traits together.
What is elaboration?
Marian & Foley (2006) found memory was better when participants were tested in the same ____ as the original passage
What is language?
This type of memory is described as having a large capacity for experiences and information throughout life.
What is long-term memory?
This memory stage includes questions like “where is it stored?” and “how much can be stored?”
What is storage?
This concept refers to how a stimulus differs from other memory traces, reducing interference.
What is distinctiveness?
This is increased when material is self-relevant, which boosts memory.
What is rehearsal?
In bilingual research, accuracy decreased when the language at retrieval did not match the language at encoding. This is called a ____ condition.
What is a mismatch condition?
Knowing that cabbage tastes bitter is an example of this kind of memory.
What is semantic memory?
This stage of memory involves “taking out” information from long-term memory.
What is retrieval?
This concept refers to connecting a stimulus with other information in detailed ways to improve recall.
What is elaboration?
In Foley et al. (1999), recall was about 3 times higher when participants used this strategy.
What is self-reference?
Encoding specificity suggests that memory is not just about what you learned, but also about the ____ you learned it in.
What is the context?