Memory Basics
the first stage of memory, where perceived information is transformed into a format that can be processed and stored in the brain.
Encoding
Temporarily holds a small amount of information, typically for about 15 to 30 seconds. It has a limited capacity.
what is your short term memory?
type of memory encoding that requires active work and attention to embed information into long-term memory.
Effortful processing
type of explicit memory that involves the recall of general facts and knowledge about the world.
what is a semantic memory?
when you remember information better in the same environment where you first learned it.
what is context dependent memory?
the process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.
What is retrieval?
the control center of working memory. It manages attention, coordinates other memory components, and integrates information from our senses and long-term memory.
the central executive
memory strategy that involves grouping individual pieces of information into larger, meaningful units.
what is chunking?
type of explicit memory that involves the recollection of personal experiences and specific events.
what is an episodic memory?
he tendency to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than those in the middle.
what is the serial position effect?
the initial stage of memory where sensory information is stored for a very brief period.
What is sensory memory?
form of short-term memory used for temporarily holding and manipulating information. Short-term and long-term memories combine.
what is working memory?
a basic level of processing that focuses on surface characteristics of information, such as the sound or appearance of words, without engaging with its meaning.
what is shallow processing?
This type of memory does not require conscious thought and is crucial for performing everyday tasks automatically.
what is an implicit memory?
phenomenon where long-term memory is enhanced when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the information through testing.
what is the testing effect?
type of sensory memory that retains auditory information. It holds sounds for about 3-4 seconds, allowing the brain to process spoken language and other auditory stimuli.
what is echoic memory?
long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons that results from their simultaneous activation. It is considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory.
long term potentiation
the unconscious encoding of information about space, time, frequency, and well-learned tasks.
automatic processing
the phenomenon where learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time, rather than crammed into one session.
occurs when new learning impairs the recall of previously encoded information.
what is proactive interference?
describes memory as a three-part system that includes: Sensory Memory, Short-term Memory &Long-term Memory.
The multi-store model of memory
component of Working Memory responsible for processing and storing verbal and auditory information.
Involves thoroughly processing information by focusing on its meaning and connecting it to existing knowledge. Analyzes the significance of information. Creates durable and easily retrievable memories
What is deep encoding?
remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point.
what is prospective memory?
happens when incorrect information influences how we remember past events.
what is the misinformation effect?