Memory Terms
What is the Misinformation Effect
illustrates how memories can be influenced by leading questions
This component of working memory holds and repeats verbal or auditory information, like a phone number.
4 processes of observational behavior
1. Attention
2. Memory
3. Ability to reproduce it
4. Motivation
Learning definition
What is a process by which knowledge or behavior changes as a result of experience
Chelsey briefly sees a slide in class showing the definition of iconic memory. For just a second, the image lingers in her mind before fading away.
Sensory Memory
Control Process
Shifting from one memory store to another by using maintenance rehearsal or having attention controlled by the person
3 stage information processing model (atkinson-shiffrin model)
process of taking an creating long term memories through encoding and retrieval
Observational Punishment
Witnessing other people experiencing negative consequences may decrease one's chances of copying someone else's behavior
Associative Learning: Classical Conditioning
Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus
While trying to picture the route from her dorm to the gym, Chelsey mentally sees the map and imagines the turns she’ll take.
Visuospatial sketchpad
Iconic vs Echoic
Iconic: persistence of Vision (visual memory)
- seeing a flash of lightning and being able to see it in your mind after its gone
Echoic: persistence of sound (auditory memory)
- taking notes in class while the professor is giving lecture
Baddeley's Working Model
Idea that the central executive, visospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop all contribute to the forumation and consistency of long term memories
Operant Conditioning
learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences. Consequences is contingent on the action
Acquisition --> Extinction--> Spontaneous Recovery--> Stimulus
1. Initial phase of learning in which response is established
2. The unpairing of the CS (conditioned stimulus) with the US (unconditioned stimulus)
3. reconditioning would be established quicker than the initial pairing process
4. Generalization. A control variable that occurs to a similar stimuli
Flashbulb memories are not recorded because of how ordinary the event was, but because of this strong reaction.
emotional or surprising event
Context- Dependent vs State Dependent
CD: memory recall is better when you put yourself back in the originial context when you first encoded something (studying in classroom vs at home)
SD: memories are formed in a particular physical, mental , or drug-induced state that are best retrieved when in that same state (DID)
Chelsey reads a list of 20 words and remembers only the first few and last few. This memory pattern supports the existence of separate short- and long-term memory stores.
Serial Position Effect
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement
- fixed ratio schedule
- variable ratio schedule
- fixed interval schedule
- variable-interval schedule
Naturalistic Applications of Classical Conditioning examples?
Conditioned fear and anxiety
Taste Aversions
Conditioning and Advertising
Chelsey forgets her hand wraps one day, so her coach doesn’t let her participate in the sparring round. She starts remembering them every time after that.
Negative Punishment
Describe Priming with an example
Exposure to one stimulus influences perception to a related stimulus.
Media priming (racial profiling)
Baddeley’s model expanded on this earlier model by focusing on how short-term memory works rather than treating it as a single storage box.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Bobo Doll Study
Assessed whether children who observed the aggressive acts of others are more prone to behave aggressively
- Result: children imitated behavior of adults who attacked the doll. Children in the control condition did not attack the doll
Best example wins
Over summer break, Brookylnn doesn’t hear the gym bell for months. Eventually, she stops reacting to it. But the first day back, she hears it again and feels ready to train.
Extinction followed by spontaneous recovery