Show:
Studying Memory
Encoding Memory
Storing Memory
Retrieving Memory
Errors & Improving Memory
100
Learning that persists over time indicates the existence of _______________ for that learning
What is memory?
100
Sensory memory for sounds is called ____________. This memory fades less rapidly than photographic memory, lasting for as long as 3 or 4 seconds.
What is echoic memory?
100
This psychologists attempted to locate memory by cutting out pieces of rats' cortexes after they had learned a maze. He found that no matter where he cut, the rates retained a partial memory of how to navigate the maze.
Who is Karl Lashley?
100
The best retrieval cues come from the associations formed at the time we ___________ a memory?
What is ecode (or What is encoding?)
100
As memories are replayed, they are often modified. This process is called ___________________________.
What is reconsolidation?
200
Additional rehearsal of learned material, called ______________ increases retention.
What is overlearning?
200
George Sperling found that when people were briefely shown three rows of letters, they could recall about half of them. When Sperling sounded a low, high or medium tone to indicate which letters were to be recalled, the participants were more accurate. This suggests that people have a brief photographic or ______________ memory, lasting about a few tenths of a second.
What is iconic memory?
200
Stress hormones provoke the _______________ to initiate a memory trace that boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas.
What is the amygdala?
200
The process by which associations can lead to retrieval is called ________________.
What is priming?
200
When witnesses to an event receive misleading information about it, they may experience a ____________________ and mis-remember the event.
What is the misinformation effect?
300
Researchers found that 25 years after graduation, people were not able to [recall, recognize] the names of their classmates but were able to [recall, recognize] 90 percent of their names and their yearbook pictures
What is recall and recognition?
300
The first thing Charlie Brown did when he discovered that he had misplaced his keys was to re-create in his mind the day's events. That he had little difficulty is doing so illustrates ________________ processing.
What is automatic processing?
300
Memories for surprising, significant moments that are especially clear are called ____________ memories. Like other memories, these memories can err.
What are flashbulb memories?
300
What we learn is one condition is best remembered in that condition and is called __________________________.
What is state-dependent learning?
300
A number of experiments have demonstrated that false memories can be created when people are induced to imagine nonexistent events; that is, these people later experience the __________________ effect.
What is the imagination inflation effect?
400
Fill in the blank questions are to multiple choice questions as: a) encoding is to storage; b) storage is to encoding; c) recognition is to recall; d) recall is to recognition.
What is recall to recognition?
400
Stimuli from the environment are first recorded in __________________ memory.
What is sensory memory?
400
The cerebellum is important in the processing of __________________ memories.
What are implicit memories?
400
The tendency to remember the first and last items in a list best is called the _______________________________.
What is the serial position effect?
400
Memory construction explains why memories "refreshed" under _______________ are often inaccurate.
What is hypnosis?
500
The ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time is called ______________. The ability to identify previously learned items is called _______________.
What is recall and recognition?
500
Memory aids are known as _________________ devices. Using a jingle, such as the one that begins, "My Very Exciting Mother..." is an example of the _____________-___________ system.
What is mnemonic - peg word system?
500
Deep brain structures called the ____________, (basil ganglia; pituitary gland)which are also involved in ___________ (motor, autonomic) movement, facilitate formation of _____________ (procedural; simplistic) memories for skills.
What is basil ganglia, motor and procedural memories?
500
Studies have shown that retention is best when learning and testing are done in ___________ (the same; different) locations. This is called ______________________.
Same. What is state-dependent memory?
500
Memories of events that happened before age _____ are unreliable. This phenomenon is called ____________ _______________.
What is infantile amnesia?