DEFENSE MECHANISMS
An individual who is angry with their partner kicks the family dog. An angry child breaks a toy or yells at a sibling instead of attacking their father. A frustrated employee criticizes their spouse instead of their boss
Displacement
A client who is overextended on several credit cards rationalizes it is okay to buy more clothes to be in style when spending money that was set aside to pay for the monthly rent and utilities. A student caught cheating on a test rationalizes, “Everybody cheats.”
Rationalization
name the stages of anxiety and identify at which point the patient becomes unteachable
mild- teachable
moderate- teachable
severe
panic
Fill in the blanks with the correct stage of change (Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Relapse):
________________: Patient is not ready for change.
________________: Patient is aware of the problem but feels ambivalent.
________________: Patient intends to take action soon.
________________: Patient modifies behavior to address the problem.
________________: Patient sustains behavior change over time.
________________: Patient returns to old behavior and may re-enter the cycle.
Precontemplation: Patient is not ready for change.
Contemplation: Patient is aware of the problem but feels ambivalent.
Preparation: Patient intends to take action soon.
Action: Patient modifies behavior to address the problem.
Maintenance: Patient sustains behavior change over time.
Relapse: Patient returns to old behavior and may re-enter the cycle.
Key Traits: A person with this disorder experiences intense fear of abandonment and has an unstable mood and self-image. This requires consistent limits and teaching coping strategies.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Key Traits: The patient with this disorder prefers social isolation, is emotionally cold, and requires a focus on functional independence without pushing for closeness.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Disorder: Borderline PD
Cluster: B (Dramatic/Emotional)
Disorder: Schizoid PD
Cluster: A (Odd/Eccentric)
A client talks and acts like one of the nurses they admire.
Introjection
A client unconsciously wears red clothing due to a repressed impulse to physically harm someone.
Symbolization
what is the DSM 5 criteria for panic disorder?
recurrent, followed by 1 month or more of worrying about another attack
________________: A poverty of speech or minimal verbal response, commonly seen in schizophrenia.
________________: The inability to experience pleasure in activities that are usually enjoyable.
________________: A lack of motivation to begin or carry out purposeful, self-directed activities.
Alogia
Anhedonia
Avolition
Key Traits: This disorder involves a disregard for others and manipulative behaviors, where the focus should be on setting firm boundaries and promoting accountability.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Key Traits: This disorder is characterized by a belief that others want to harm them, making it essential to build trust slowly and explain procedures clearly.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Disorder: Antisocial PD
Cluster: B (Dramatic/Emotional)
Disorder: Paranoid PD
Cluster: A (Odd/Eccentric)
A person conflicted over expressing anger changes “I hate him” to “He hates me.”
Projection
An individual has an impulse to tell their boss what they think about them and their unacceptable behavior, but the impulse is suppressed because of the need to keep the job.
Suppression
Anxiety related to being in places where escape may be difficult or embarrassing
Agoraphobia
________________: Hallucinations
________________: Flat affect
________________: Delusions
________________: Avolition
________________: Disorganized speech
________________: Anhedonia
________________: Bizarre behavior
________________: Alogia
________________: Social withdrawal
Positive — Hallucinations
Negative — Flat affect
Positive — Delusions
Negative — Avolition
Positive — Disorganized speech
Negative — Anhedonia
Positive — Bizarre behavior
Negative — Alogia
Negative — Social withdrawal
Key Traits: Individuals with this disorder seek attention and exaggerate emotions, often appearing seductive. It is important to maintain professional boundaries and encourage independent problem-solving.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Key Traits: The patient with this disorder displays clinginess and an excessive need for advice and reassurance. The focus should be on promoting autonomy and self-care.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Disorder: Histrionic PD
Cluster: B (Dramatic/Emotional)
Disorder: Dependent PD
Cluster: C (Anxious/Fearful)
A client who hates their mother writes in their journal that their mom is a wonderful mother.
Reaction Formation
A client tells the nurse they are the most wonderful person in the world, but after the nurse enforces the unit rules with them, the client tells the nurse they are the worst person they have ever met.
Splitting
Explain the connection between the limbic system and serotonin in the treatment of anxiety disorders?
The limbic system regulates emotions, and increased serotonin helps calm overactivity in areas like the amygdala.
hypothalamus -> triggers -> Amygdala -> activates
________________: Giving full attention to the patient without interrupting.
________________: Repeating or rephrasing the patient’s words to clarify meaning.
________________: Repeating the main idea expressed to confirm understanding.
________________: Allowing the patient quiet time to think or express feelings.
________________: Inviting the patient to choose the subject of discussion.
________________: Asking the patient to explain or clarify when something is unclear.
________________: Acknowledging the patient’s feelings as valid and real.
Active Listening
Reflection
Restating
Silence
Broad Openings
Clarification
Validation
Key Traits: This disorder involves grandiosity and a lack of empathy, with a constant need for admiration. Therapists should set boundaries, stay neutral, and promote empathy.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Key Traits: This disorder is defined by perfectionism, orderliness, and control. To help the patient, it is essential to teach stress management, prioritize tasks, and avoid power struggles.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Disorder: Narcissistic PD
Cluster: B (Dramatic/Emotional)
Disorder: Obsessive-Compulsive PD
Cluster: C (Anxious/Fearful)
A victim of incest indicates they have always hated their brother (the molester) but cannot remember why.
Repression
An individual with an exhibitionistic impulse channels this impulse into creating dance choreography. A person with a voyeuristic urge completes scientific research and observes research subjects. An individual with an aggressive drive joins the football team.
Sublimation
how long should symptoms last in order to diagnose with PTSD?
ASD (acute stress disorder)?
GAD (general anxiety disorder)?
OCD?
PTSD: >1 month
ASD: 3days to 1 month
GAD: most days for at least 6 months
OCD: manifestations take more than 1 hour per day
________________: Involved in reward, motor control, learning, and motivation. ↑ in schizophrenia and mania, ↓ in depression and Parkinson’s.
________________: Regulates mood, sleep, appetite, libido, and body temperature. ↓ in depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder.
________________: Activates the fight-or-flight response.
________________: Inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety and plays a role in seizure control. Low levels = anxiety, seizures, and impulse control issues.
________________: The major excitatory neurotransmitter. ↑ early in schizophrenia, contributing to hippocampal shrinkage. ↓ in stroke, ischemia, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s.
________________: Involved in memory, learning, attention, and muscle movement. ↓ in Alzheimer’s and Myasthenia Gravis.
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA
Glutamate
Acetylcholine
Key Traits: Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and a fear of rejection characterize this disorder. Encouraging gradual exposure and fostering trust in the therapeutic relationship is crucial.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Key Traits: Individuals with this disorder exhibit odd beliefs and magical thinking, with social anxiety; they benefit from clear communication and social skills training.
Disorder: ________________
Cluster: ________________
Disorder: Avoidant PD
Cluster: C (Anxious/Fearful)
Disorder: Schizotypal PD
Cluster: A (Odd/Eccentric)