Obligations
This is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to do.
What is an obligation?
A meeting of the minds between two persons where one binds himself to give or do something.
What is a contract?
A contract where two or more persons bind themselves to contribute money, property, or industry.
What is a partnership?
A corporation has this type of legal personality under Philippine law.
What is a separate juridical personality?
This volcano has been reported to still show eruptive activity as of November 2025.
What is Kanlaon Volcano?
This obligation arises when a person voluntarily manages the business or affairs of another without their authorization, yet benefits the latter.
What is negotiorum gestio?
A contract requires these three essential elements: consent, object, and
What is cause?
A partner who contributes only labor or service.
What is an industrial partner?
The governing body elected by stockholders to manage the corporation.
What is the Board of Directors?
On November 25, 2025 a magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck which major Philippine island group.
What is Mindanao?
When a debtor fails to perform on time, this type of delay occurs, making the debtor liable for damages.
What is mora or delay?
This kind of contract is binding even without a written form if the essential requisites are present.
What is an informal or consensual contract?
The written document that contains the agreement of the partners, including contributions, duties, profit-sharing, and management rules.
What are the Articles of Partnership?
This doctrine prevents courts from inquiring into the fairness of corporate decisions made in good faith.
What is the business judgment rule?
In early November 2025, this super‑typhoon caused widespread displacement of about 1.4 million people in the Philippines.
What is Typhoon Fung-wong/ Uwan
This is the return of what was paid or delivered by mistake, e.g., paying a debt not due.
What is solutio indebiti?
A contract that is valid and enforceable unless annulled by proper action in court.
What is a voidable contract?
The Civil Code recognizes general and limited types of partnerships. The one where partners have unlimited liability is called…
What is a general partnership?
Shares that have preference in the distribution of dividends or assets.
What are preferred shares?
As of 2025, the GDP growth of the Philippines in Q3 slowed to this percentage, its lowest outside the pandemic years.
What is 4%
This type of obligation arises from the law without need for the consent of the parties, such as those to pay taxes or damages for a tort.
What is a natural or legal obligation?
A contract that is valid but cannot be enforced unless ratified (e.g., lacking authority).
What is an unenforceable contract?
This type of partnership is formed for a specific project or business and dissolves upon completion.
What is a particular partnership?
This principle holds that corporate debts are not the personal debts of stockholders, except in cases of fraud.
What is the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil?
This impeachment December‑2025‑era protest event is scheduled for November 30, 2025.
What is Trillion Peso March?