Cellular Respiration
This takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and does not require oxygen.
Glycolysis
Key for bone density and strength. Low intake can cause bone issues over time.
True or False the pituitary gland serves as the primary integration center for body temperature regulation.
False - The Hypothalamus
This temperature most closely reflects core temperature, is generally higher, averaging around 37.0–38.0°C.
Rectal temperature
This occurs when heat loss exceeds heat production for prolonged periods.
Hypothermia
This uses the pyruvate molecules from Glycolysis to generate 2 ATP as well as several molecules of FADH2 and NADH
Krebs Cycle (or Citric Acid Cycle)
Essential for carrying oxygen in the blood. A deficiency leads to anemia, causing fatigue and weakness, particularly in pregnant women and children.
Iron
The _______ plays a key role in initiating heat-conserving and heat-producing responses when body temperature falls.
Posterior Hypothalamus
Measured in the armpit, is usually lower, averaging about 36.0–37.0°C.
Axillary temperature
This is when the body exhibits excessive heat production or impaired heat loss leads to dangerous elevation of core body temperature, often exceeding 40°C.
Heat Stroke
The energy gained from the breakdown of glucose is stored in cells as _______
Important for vision and immune function. Its deficiency is a major cause of preventable blindness in children globally.
Vitamin A
Peripheral thermoreceptors which detect environmental temperature changes are primarily located where?
The Skin
Occurs when heat is transferred through direct contact between the body and another object or surface.
Conduction
These two hormones, increase metabolic activity and promote heat production, particularly during stress or cold exposure.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Both of these steps take place in the mitochondrial matrix and required oxygen
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
Crucial for nerve function and blood formation. Deficiency is common in vegetarians, vegans, and older adults.
Vitamin B12
The ______ is is primarily involved in activating heat-loss mechanisms when body temperature rises
Anterior Hypothalamus
Involves heat loss when liquid water, such as sweat, changes to vapor on the skin surface. Evaporation is the only mechanism that can remove heat when environmental temperature exceeds body temperature.
Evaporation
When additional heat production is required, the body recruits specialized mechanisms. This is a rapid response that is an involuntary pattern of rhythmic skeletal muscle contractions.
Shivering
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Crucial for thyroid health. Deficiency causes goiters and metabolic issues.
Iodine
Human thermoregulation uses _________ to maintain a stable core temperature by reversing deviations
Negative Feedback
Temperature regulation in humans is tightly linked to metabolic heat production, also known as______________
Thermogenesis
What hormones increase basal metabolic rate by stimulating mitochondrial activity and increasing synthesis of metabolic enzymes, leading to greater heat generation throughout the body?
Thyroid hormones