Lipids
Lipids digested into?
Glycerol and Fatty acids
Proteins are digested into?
Individual amino acids
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
Where does valine enter cellular respiration?
Krebs cycle (converted into Succinic acid)
What does PFK stand for?
Phosphofructokinase
What does glycerol turn into to be able to enter cellular respiration?
G3P
What molecule is the amino group removed as during deamination?
Removed as NH3 (Ammonia)
How many ATP are in one molecule of Glycerol?
19 ATP
Where does glycerol enter cellular respiration?
G3P (remember it is converted into this molecule)
What is the result of an increase in ADP concentration in the Krebs' Cycle?
Accelerates the action of PFK, therefore increasing the rate of Glycolysis
Fatty acids must be converted to ___ to enter the Krebs cycle
Acetyl-CoA
Why don't organisms like to use proteins for the creation of ATP
Proteins do not make very much ATP since they take longer to break down, which is why they are usually used for other purposes.
How many ATP are produced from a dipeptide made from 1 molecule of lysine and 1 molecule of valine?
Lysine: 12ATP
Valine: 5ATP
12+5 = 17ATP produced
Where do fatty acids enter cellular respiration?
Acetyl-CoA (remember it is converted into this molecule)
What is the result of an increase in ATP concentration on the enzyme PFK?
It causes PFK inhibition. High ATP inhibits PFK to slow down the rate of glycolysis.
How can a fatty acid become Acetyl-CoA?
Fatty acids become acetyl-CoA by removing 2 carbon groups through oxidation.
What is deamination, and why is it required?
Breaking down amino acids (amino group pulled off) for energy production.
How much ATP in a dipeptide molecule consisting of 1 molecule of serine attached to 1 molecule of asparagine?
15 ATP
Where does asparagine enter during cellular respiration?
Kreb's cycle (changed to Oxaloacetic acid)
True or False: Excess NADH can inhibit Pyruvate dehydrogenase (enzyme needed for pyruvate oxidation)
True.
Converting glycerol into glucose is an example of what type of metabolic process, and explain what happens.
Gluconeogenesis. The metabolic process in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate sources such as glycerol, lactate, pyruvate and amino acids.
What does each remaing portion, after deamination, of these amino acids convert into:
Leucine --> ?
Alanine --> ?
Proline --> ?
Glutamine --> ?
Leucine --> Acetyl CoA
Alanine --> Pyruvate
Proline --> α – ketoglutarate
Glutamine --> α – ketoglutarate
How many ATP are produced from: Triglyceride consisting of glycerol plus 3 fatty acids containing a total of 18 carbon atoms.
Glycerol --> G3P
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
P.O: 3 ATP
Krebs: 19 ATP
Fatty Acids --> Acetyl CoA
18C: 27 Acetyl CoA
Krebs: 12 ATP
27 Acetyl CoA x 12 ATP = 324 + 19 ~ 343 ATP produced
Where does Proline enter during cellular respiration?
Kreb's Cycle (turns into Alpha Keto Glutaric Acid)
In the Krebs' cycle, what can also inhibit PFK?
Citrate.