What is hexokinase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase?
100
Where gluconeogenesis mainly occurs in the body
What is the liver?
100
Where the citric acid cycle takes place in the cell
What is mitochondria?
100
The way enzymes speed up reactions
What is enzymes lowering the activation energy of the reactions they catalyze?
200
An electron carrier used in either glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, or the citric acid cycle
(two possible answers)
What is NAD+ or FAD?
200
Is gluconeogenesis overall exergonic or endergonic?
What is exergonic?
200
The net yield of ATP produced in the citric acid cycle
What are 2 ATP?
200
The central dogma of biology
What is DNA transcribed to RNA translated to protein?
300
product of fermentation in animals
What is lactate?
300
2 of the 5 precursors that can enter the gluconeogenic pathway
What is pyruvate, lactage, oxaloacetate, amino acids, and/or glycerol?
300
The preparatory stage before the reactions of the citric acid cycle begins
(Hint: This reaction is carried out by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
What is pyruvate being oxidized to acetyal CoA?
300
Describe a glycoside
What is a molecule in which a sugar is bonded to another functional group at the anomeric carbon?
400
net products in one round of glycolysis
What is 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate?
400
The 3 steps in glycolysis that need to be bypassed in gluconeogenesis & why
What are steps 1, 3, and 10?
400
1 of the 5 cofactors in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
What is TPP, lipoic acid, acetyl CoA, FAD, or NAD+?
400
A trait commonly associated with a plasmid that allows a researcher to easily identify which cells got the desired DNA during transformation
What is antibiotic resistance?
500
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and inorganic phosphate are converted to this in the 6th step of glycolysis
What is 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate?
500
The numbers of triphosphates consumed and produced in gluconeogenesis
What are 6 consumed and 0 produced?
500
The reactants and products of the conversion facilitated by citrate synthase
What is the conversion of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to citrate?
500
6 class of enzymes and their functions
What is:
1) oxidoreductases - transfer of electrons
2) isomerases - helping intramolecular rearrangement of molecules
3) transferases - helping group transfers btwn molecules
4) hydrolases - breakdown of molecules using water
5) lysases - breakdown of molecules not using water
6) ligases - helping attach two molecules together?