Between-Subjects Design
The variable that is observed for changes to assess the effects of manipulating the IV
Dependent variable
Threat to internal validity: When a group of individuals is being tested in a series of treatment conditions, any outside event(s) that influences the participants’ scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment is called a _____ effect.
History
_______________has a series of observations for each participant before a treatment or event and a series of observations after the treatment or event.
A time-series design
The ______ is the mean differences among the levels of one factor.
Main effect
_______ relationship is two variables change in opposite directions,
Negative
Different sets of scores are obtained from the same group of participants.
Within-subjects design
Threat to internal validity: _______ is when a group of individuals is being tested in a series of treatment conditions, any physiological or psychological change that occurs in participants during the study and influences the participants’ scores.
Maturation
Examining the relationship between IQ and aging could select three different groups of people—40-year-olds, 60-year-olds, and 80-year-olds—and could then measure IQ for each group is an example of which type of design.
Cross-Sectional Developmental Design
When one factor has a direct influence on the effect of a second factor it is called ____________.
Interaction Between Factors
________ is when there is a relationship between two variables that are consistent and predictable, but not linear.
Monotonic Relationship
Each set of scores is obtained from different groups of participants.
Between-subjects design
Threat to internal validity: __________ is a mathematical phenomenon in which extreme scores (high or low) on one measurement tend to be less extreme on a second measurement.
Statistical regression
The _________examines development by observing or measuring a group of cohorts over time.
The longitudinal developmental research design
A _______a factorial study that combines two different research designs.
Mixed design
__________ is a type of observational research where there is no intervention and people do not know they are being observed
Naturalistic observation
The _______ means that a confounding variable affects both variables to make them seem causally related when they are not.
Third Variable Problem
Threat to internal validity:_______refers to changes in the measuring instrument that occur during a research study in which participants are measured in a series of treatment conditions
Instrumentation
The ___________ compares preexisting groups
The differential research design
________ repeating the previous study by using the same factor or IV exactly as it was used in the earlier study
–Replication:
________ observation occurs when the researcher interacts with participants and becomes one of them.
Participant observation
This is a type of extraneous variable that not only affects the dependent variable, but is also related to the independent variable.
Confounding Variable
________ is when you change the order in which treatment conditions are applied from one participant to another
Counterbalancing
A _________compares two nonequivalent groups of participants. One group is observed (measured) after receiving a treatment, and the other group is measured at the same time but receives no treatment.
Posttest-only nonequivalent control group design
The ________ uses one factor as a true IV (experimental strategy), and the second factor is a quasi-independent variable (nonexperimental or quasi-experimental strategy).
Combined Strategies
________ designs are in-depth and detailed descriptions of a single individual (or a very small group)
Case Studies