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Coltheart vs. Gonsalves
Fundamentals of Cog. Neuropsychology I
Brain Imaging vs. Lesion Studies
Applying the Fundamentals I
Applying the Fundamentals II
100
True or False: BOLD signaling in fMRI is a direct measurement of neural activity.
What is False? BOLD signaling is an indirect measurement of neural activity.
100
Cognitive neuropsychology is about the mind, while neuropsychology is about the _______
What is brain?
100
True or False: BOLD signaling in fMRI is a direct measurement of neural activity.
False - BOLD signaling is an indirect measurement of neural activity.
100
True or false: Damage to one or two modules that are part of a cognitive architecture will result in the recruitment of other components.
False
100
A lesion in the Wendy cortex impairs a student's ability to do math problems but the student can still recite Shakespearean sonnets. Choose the appropriate inference between the conditions: A) Association B) Dissociation C) Double Dissociation
A) Dissociation
200
Coltheart’s opinion is that “we have no definite grounds for assuming that an activated region is functionally necessary.” What approach would prove functional necessity in a cognitive process?
Data from brain lesion studies would be able to provide us information about functional necessity in a cognitive process.
200
Name the four assumptions in cognitive neuropsychology.
What is 1) Functional Modularity, 2) Anatomical Modularity, 3) Uniformity of Functional Architecture Across Individuals, and 4) Subtractivity
200
According to Gonsalves, why does he think it is difficult to use fMRI to study complex processes such as greed or criminal intentions?
There are a variety of theories that work to break apart cognitive processes involved in why some people might have criminal thoughts. It is difficult to develop a functional architecture for such complex processes because there are many subprocesses associated with these cognitive processes. In a fMRI machine, we may see multiple areas of the brain “light up” in response to these constructs and interpreting these results can be both difficult and risky.
200
The box and arrow diagram models _____. The boxes refer to _____.
Cognitive functional architecture; modules
200
A lesion in the Colgate gyrus impairs a student's ability to brush teeth and wash face. Choose the appropriate inference: A) Association B) Dissociation C) Double Dissociation
Association
300
Gonsalves brings up reverse inference while interpreting brain imaging data. What are some advantages and disadvantages of taking the reverse inference approach?
Advantages: - allows researchers to form new hypotheses about cognitive processes. Disadvantages: -researchers run the risk of attributing causality of a process to activated brain areas
300
Differentiate between functional modularity and anatomical modularity
Functional modularity refers to separable functional cognitive processes and anatomical modularity refers to the designation of particular parts of the brain to be involved in the functional architecture.
300
What is the converging methods approach (Gonsalves and Cohen) and why is this approach helpful to cognitive neuropsychology?
The converging methods approach refers to using a variety of techniques and approaches in hopes of learning more about a process or mechanism. Many cognitive neuropsychologists have used a range of approaches and techniques such as cognitive and behavior tests on healthy and lesioned patients as well as brain imaging techniques. Brain imaging has been useful because it provides confirmatory evidence in regards to prior studies using other approaches and it has also provided new information that may not have been found from prior studies. It also allows us to alter and refine previously formed functional architectures. Furthermore, when various approaches provide the same conclusion for how a particular cognitive process occurs, cognitive neuropsychologists can be more confident about that result.
300
Modules are described as "domain-specific." What does this mean?
Class Discussion - All participating groups will receive 300 points.
300
Student A suffers a lesion to the Blue cortex and now cannot watch cartoons but can still watch documentaries. Student B suffers a lesion to the Green cortex and now cannot watch documentaries but can still watch cartoons. Choose the appropriate inference: A) Association B) Dissociation C) Double Dissociation
Double Dissociation
400
Does Coltheart neglect the idea that brain imaging can provide information to refine an established functional architecture? If so, suggest why.
Class Discussion - All participating teams will receive 400 points.
400
= Study Design: First, you ask a participant to think about their past, then you ask them to remember a specific memory from their past. While the participant is conducting these tasks, they will scanned with a fMRI. Do you think the PPC area (Gonsalves & Cohen, 2010) would be activated during both tasks?
Class Discussion! Participating teams will each receive 400 points.
400
As a cognitive neuropsychologist, you analyze fMRI from groups of patients conducting various cognitive tasks. If an area in the frontal cortex is "lit up" in response to a task, can you definitively exclude all other brain areas from this cognitive process?
Discussion Question - All participating groups will 500 receive points.
400
What are the advantages and disadvantages of lesion studies?
Class Discussion - Participating groups will receive points.
400
Create a functional architecture for apraxia.
Class Discussion - All participating groups will receive 400 points.