The Brain
This part of the brain begins at the top of the spinal cord
What is the brain stem?
This system receives, processes, interprets and stores incoming sensory information (tastes, smells, sounds, colour, pressure, etc.)
What is the Central Nervous system?
Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions.
What are norms?
An exaggerated, unrealistic fear or a specific situation, activity or object.
What is a phobia?
The process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that already elicits a response therefore acquires the capacity to elicit a similar or related response.
What is classical conditioning?
What is OCD?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder - where a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions)
The apparent success of a medication or treatment due to the patient's expectations or hopes rather than to the drug/treatment itself.
What is a placebo effect?
placebo - the inactive chemical or fake treatment
The brain stem consists of these two main structures.
What is the medulla (breathing+HR) and the pons (sleeping/waking/dreaming)
The CNS is divided into these two parts.
What is the brain and spinal cord?
The tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake or harmony and to suppress disagreement.
What is groupthink?
A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion, behaviour, cognition and body function.
What is major depression?
The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response.
What is extinction?
A theory of personality, and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud, it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.
Lithium carbonate is frequently given to people who suffer from this disorder.
What is bipolar disorder?
This part of the brain contributes to a sense of balance and coordinates the muscles.
What is the Cerebellum?
This nervous system handles the CNS's input and output (inc. sensory and motor nerves).
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behaviour.
What is a role?
PTSD is an anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced this, then has symptoms such as these.
Experienced traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal.
After a stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus for some response, other similar stimuli may produce a similar reaction.
What is stimulus generalization?
A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.
What is intermittent (partial)?
Drugs used primarily in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression and anxiety.
What are antidepressant drugs?
The hippocampus involves storing...
New information in memory.
The automatic nervous system regulates the functioning of these parts of the body.
What is the blood vessels, glands, and internal organs (bladder, stomach, heart)?
This defines ethnocentrism.
The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion, is superior to all others.
What is generalized anxiety disorder
A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration and signs of motor tension.
Gregory's mouth waters whenever he eats anything with lemon in it. One day, while watching TV, an add shows a big glass of lemonade, Gregory's mouth starts to water. Name the CR in this situation.
The conditioned response is Gregs mouth watering when he sees lemonade on TV.
The explanation we make of our behavior and the behavior of others generally fall into two categories.
What is situational & dispositional attribution
pg.263 psych
Drugs used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
What are antipsychotic drugs?
The large band of fibres that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
What is the corpus callosum?
The automatic nervous system is divided into these two parts.
What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
This is a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred to a group, based on a negative stereotype.
What is prejudice?
A personality disorder characterized by a lack of remorse, empathy, anxiety, and other social emotions. Includes the use of manipulation and impulsive thrill seeking.
What is psychopathy?
The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.
What is operant conditioning?
This type of reinforcement occurs when you escape from something aversive or avoid it by preventing it from ever occurring.
What is negative reinforcement? (removal of something unpleasant)
A procedure used in cases of prolonged and severe major depression, in which a brief brain seizure is induced.
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
The pituitary gland is attached to this structure of the brain.
What is the hypothalamus? involved in emotions
(pituitary - endocrine gland that releases hormones')
This is known as the bridge between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
What is the spinal cord?
the impression of a group in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait.
What is a stereotype?
An extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behaviour.
What is psychosis?
This is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcers.
Intrinsic - reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced (No reward - they do it for enjoyment/satisfaction of accomplishment)
Extrinsic - not inherently related to the activity being reinforced. (Rewarded - money, trophy, praise, goldstars, applause, thumbs-up)
Therapeutic window is known as...
The amount of a drug that is enough but not too much, taking into account how different people metabolize at different rates. (age, race, gender, weight)
A form of therapy designed to identify and change irrational, unproductive ways of thinking and hence, reduce negative emotions.
What is cognitive therapy?
This brain structure relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex. (located in the center of the brain)
What is the thalamus?
Controls the skeletal muscles
What is the somatic nervous system?
This is the uncomfortable feeling that occurs when two attitudes or an attitude & behaviour are in conflict.
What is cognitive dissonance?
Dissonant=conflict
An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences reoccurring panic attacks of intense fear & feelings of impending doom or death (also rapid HR and dizziness)
What is a panic disorder?
The 4 ways in which we measure prejudice.
1. Social distance
2. What people do when they're stressed/Angry
3. Brain activity
4. Implicit attitudes
SABI/BIAS
pg.287/288 psych
The bond of confidence & mutual understanding established between therapist & client, which allows them to work together to solve the clients problems.
What is therapeutic alliance?
This form of therapy is designed to challenge the clients unrealistic thoughts.
What is REBT - rational emotive behaviour therapy
This brain structure is involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion as well as the initial emotional response to sensory information.
What is the amygdala?
The subdivision of the ANS that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress.
What is the sympathetic nervous system? makes you blush, sweat, breathe deeply, increases HR+BP (fight or flight)
The four origins of prejudice.
What is psychological, social, economic and cultural
What is the DSM and What are 2/4 of the problems/limitations with it?
DSM - Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1. danger of overdiagnosis
2. power of diagnostic labels
3. confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
4. illusion of objectivity/universality
The process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.
What is reinforcement?
A critical process in psychodynamic therapy, in which the client transfers unconscious emotional feelings toward other important people in his/her life onto the therapist.
What is transference? pg 594 (they're angry at the therapist b/c they remind them of their dad)
This form of therapy is designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and face the great questions of life (death, freedom, alienation, loneliness)
What is existential therapy?