MI Test 1 Review

PCR/Cycle Sequencing

100

This process is the first step of PCR and it involves breaking the bonds that hold together nitrogenous bases in a double-stranded DNA molecule

Denaturation

(Denaturation -> Annealing -> elongation)

200

This is the main difference between cycle sequencing and PCR

PCR generates fragments of the same length, while cycle sequencing generates fragments of varying lengths

300

This is the correct complementary sequence for the following strand of DNA:

AGCTAAGCT

TCGATTCGA

400

Cycle sequencing involves the addition of these types of nucleotides, which terminate elongation of the duplicate strand

Fluorescently-tagged

500

PCR is used in forensics and research to provide large numbers of copies of the same gene of interest. On the other hand, cycle sequencing is used for this.

To determine the precise sequence of a gene/gene segment

ELISA

100

After a patient sample is added to a well in an ELISA test, this is added to the well

Primary antibody

200

This component of an ELISA test is linked to an enzyme

secondary antibody

300

During an ELISA test, the reaction between these two components is what is responsible for producing a color change in a sample

Enzyme and substrate

400

This is what the acronym ELISA stands for

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

500

This is the correct order of the steps of an ELISA test:

1. Add sample

2. Add primary antibody

3. Add enzyme-linked secondary antibody

4. Add substrate

Bacterial Cell Structures

100

This is the bacterial cell structure that acts as a propeller and allows the cell to move 

Flagella

200

This is the name for the region in which bacterial DNA is located

Nucleoid region

300

This bacterial cell structure can function to allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces OR facilitate transfer of plasmids

Pili/pilus

400

This is the bacterial cell structure that aids in protein synthesis

Ribosome

500

This is the bacterial cell structure that acts as a thick outer coating which allows the cell to stick to substances and evade immune response

Capsule

Antibiotics/Antibiotic Resistance

100

This mechanism of gene transfer occurs when bacteria take up "naked" DNA from their surrounding environment

Transformation

200

β lactams are a class of antibiotics that function by interfering with this bacterial structure

Cell wall

300

Tetracylines are a class of antibiotics that function by interfering with this bacterial structure

Ribosome

400

Fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are classes of antibiotics that function by interfering with this bacterial structure

DNA

500

This mechanism of gene transfer involves the exchange of bacterial DNA through a vector known as a bacteriophage (bacterial virus)

Transduction

Miscellaneous

100

Bacterial meningitis is a serious disease because it infects these structures, the protective coatings surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Meninges

200

This structure is produced by B lymphocytes in the immune system and is used to flag foreign substances for destruction

Antibody

300

This is the term for a substance that is able to inhibit or kill a foreign pathogen in the body when an individual’s immune system is failing to do so itself

Antibiotic

400

This is the major structural difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Gram positive bacteria have a very thick cell wall with high amounts of peptidoglycan. (stain purple)

Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell wall and an additional outer membrane. (stain pink/red)

500

When conducting our bacterial conjugation lab, this strain transferred its antibiotic resistance gene to the other strain via a plasmid

Strain II (contained an ampicillin-resistance gene on a plasmid that was transferred to strain I)