Chapter 1
This scientist was the first to observe live microorganisms through a microscope he designed.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
This is the system of nomenclature where every organism has two names: a genus and a specific epithet
Binomial nomenclature
This circular DNA molecule in bacteria is separate from the main chromosome and often carries antibiotic resistance.
Plasmid
This organelle is known as the "powerhouse" of the eukaryotic cell because it produces ATP.
Mitochondrion
These eukaryotic organelles contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste.
Lysosomes
This theory, disproved by Pasteur, suggested that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
Spontaneous Generation
Unlike bacteria, these prokaryotes often live in extreme environments and lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
Archaea
This sugary, sticky coating outside the bacterial cell wall can form a capsule or a slime layer.
Glycocalyx
These hair-like appendages are shorter than flagella and allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces.
Fimbriae
This specific protein makes up the filament of bacterial flagella.
Flagellin
This set of four criteria is used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.
Koch’s Postulates
This process involves using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes in the environment.
Bioremediation
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of this substance, while Gram-negative bacteria have a very thin layer.
Peptidoglycan
This is the movement of a bacterium toward or away from a chemical stimulus.
Chemotaxis
In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will undergo this process, where the plasma membrane shrinks away from the cell wall.
Plasmolysis
These are the three Domains of life proposed by Carl Woese.
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
This physician pioneered the use of chemical disinfectants (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections.
Joseph Lister
These highly resistant "resting" cells are produced by Bacillus and Clostridium to survive harsh conditions.
Endospores
Gram-negative bacteria possess this toxic component in their outer membrane, also known as Lipid A.
Endotoxin (or Lipopolysaccharide/LPS)
This structure in the Gram-negative outer membrane allows for the passage of molecules like nucleotides and amino acids.
Porins
This term describes the complex community of microbes that attach to surfaces and each other, often resisting antibiotics.
Biofilm
This 18th-century physician developed the first vaccine by inoculating a person with cowpox to prevent smallpox.
Edward Jenner
This theory explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes.
Endosymbiotic Theory
This passive transport process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
He is credited with the discovery of the first antibiotic, Penicillin.
Alexander Fleming