immunoglobins
13% of serum antibodies, common in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk, & prevent microbial attachment to mucous membranes
IgA (Immunoglobin A)
optimum temperature below 15 degrees C (59 degrees F), capable of growth at 0 degrees C (32 degrees F) = freezing temp for water, can grow between -5 degrees C to 20 degrees C, storage in refrigerator incubates them, & are rarely pathogenic
ex) Staphylococcus aureus; often causes food-borne illness
psychrophiles
rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients and/or O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants
stationary phase of the growth curve
a process that destroys all viable microbes, including viruses and endospores but NOT prions
sterilization
Some bacteria kill phagocytes in our immune system, & slimes or capsules can make it physically difficult for the phagocyte to engulf the pathogen
antiphagocytic factors
6% of serum antibodies; remains in blood vessels, causes agglutination (clumping) of cells and viruses, activates complement, released as a first response to an infection; short lived, reacts with blood cells during blood transfusions (includes antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B, which may be found in plasma depending on blood type).
IgM (Immunoglobin M)
optimum temperature 20 degrees-40 degrees C (68 degrees-104 degrees F), can grow between 10 degrees C to 50 degrees C, & are most human pathogens
mesophiles
a period of maximum growth will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment
exponential growth phase
physical or chemical agents usually used on inanimate objects to destroy vegetative pathogens, not endospores
disinfectant
capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication
toxigenicity
0.02% of serum antibodies, structure similar to IgG, in blood, in lymph, and on B cells, no well-defined function in serum, & may play a role as a membrane immunoglobulin on B cells
IgD (Immunoglobin D)
optimum temperature greater than 45 degrees C (113 degrees F), can grow at 35 degrees C and above, a heat-sterilizing device can be used to incubate these, rather than sterilize, & most don’t grow above 60 degrees C, however a few do
thermophiles
populations typically display a predictable pattern over time
growth curve
gradual removal of water from cells (metabolic inhibition) not effective, doesn’t disinfect
dessication
another infection by a different microbe which is caused by an opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses
secondary infection
80% of serum antibodies, found in the blood, lymph, and intestine
Actions: cross the placenta and protect the fetus, trigger complement activation, enhance phagocytosis, & neutralize toxins and viruses
IgG (Immunoglobin G)
grow at extreme alkaline pH
alkalinophiles
as limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially
death phase of the growth curve
physical removal of microbes by passing through a filter with liquid and/or gas. Sterilizing and very effective
filtration
when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
communicable disease
0.002% of serum antibodies, on mast cells, on basophils, and in blood, cause the release of histamines when bound to antigen, lysis of parasitic worms, & plays an important role in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
IgE (Immunoglobin E)
grow at extreme acid pH
acidophiles
“flat” period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth
lag phase of the growth curve
refrigeration and freezing. Used to preserve food, media, and cultures. Only micro biostatic *slows the growth of microbes) and NOT true disinfectants
cold temperatures
is a highly reactive chemical compound made of carbon and nitrogen; primary mode of action is to interfere with proteins involved in the synthesis of cell wall by binding and blocking peptidases that cross-link the glycan molecules of peptidoglycan, greater than ½ of all antimicrobic drugs are "beta-lactams", penicillins and cephalosporins are the most prominent beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins are antibiotics)
Beta-lactam