FATHERS & FIRSTS
This Dutch scientist, the "Father of Microbiology," was the first to observe microorganisms using microscopes he made himself.
Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
Ignaz Semmelweis worked at the Vienna General Hospital, in Vienna, the capital of this country.
What is Austria?
These single-celled prokaryotes can be beneficial, but some cause tuberculosis, strep throat, and cholera.
What are bacteria?
The Black Death swept through Europe, Asia, and North Africa during this century.
What is the 14th century (the 1300s)?
This was the main way bubonic plague spread to humans.
What are flea bites?
In 1796, this English doctor developed the first successful vaccine, using cowpox to protect against smallpox.
Who is Edward Jenner?
Also called puerperal fever, this deadly illness killed many mothers in the hospital's First Clinic.
What is childbed fever?
Influenza, COVID-19, and measles are caused by these acellular particles that must enter a host cell to reproduce.
What are viruses?
This bacterium caused the Black Death.
What is Yersinia pestis?
The swollen, painful lymph nodes that gave bubonic plague its name were called this.
What are buboes?
This French scientist, the "Father of Germ Theory," lent his name to the process of heating liquids to kill harmful microorganisms.
Who is Louis Pasteur?
In the Second Clinic, these professionals cared for women, and mortality was only about 3–4%, compared with about 10% in the First Clinic.
Who are midwives?
Ringworm, athlete's foot, and candidiasis are caused by this group, which includes yeasts and molds.
What are fungi?
Evidence points to this Central Asian region, near present-day Kyrgyzstan, as the likely source of the pandemic.
What is the Tien Shan region?
This form of plague could spread from person to person through coughing and respiratory droplets.
What is pneumonic plague?
In the 1860s, this "Father of Antiseptic Surgery" began using carbolic acid (phenol) to disinfect instruments, wounds, and dressings.
Who is Joseph Lister?
In 1847, Semmelweis ordered doctors and students to wash their hands with this chemical before examining patients.
What is chlorinated lime?
Malaria and giardiasis are caused by this group of mostly single-celled eukaryotes.
What are protozoa?
The plague reached Europe around this year and spread rapidly.
What is 1347?
The three forms of plague were bubonic, pneumonic, and this one.
What is septicemic plague?
This "Father of Medical Microbiology" identified the bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera, and his "postulates" link a specific microbe to a specific disease.
Who is Robert Koch?
The 1847 death of this colleague, cut during an autopsy and showing symptoms like the mothers', led Semmelweis to connect contaminated hands with the disease.
Who is Jakob Kolletschka?
Tapeworm infection and hookworm disease are caused by these parasitic worms, whose eggs and larvae are microscopic.
What are helminths?
In this Italian city, one of the hardest hit, an estimated 50–60% of the population may have died.
What is Florence?
Name any three reasons the plague spread so quickly.
Any three of: crowded cities, poor sanitation, many rodents and fleas, busy trade and shipping routes.