Immune System
Unlike adaptive immunity, this immune response reacts the same way after repeated exposure to the same foreign material.
What is innate immunity
This type of infection happens when a virus stays inactive in the body and may reactivate later.
What is latency
This bacterium causes whooping cough and spreads through respiratory droplets.
What is Bordetella pertussis
This GI illness spreads rapidly by airborne fecal or vomit particles, direct contact with fecal-contaminated body parts, and fomites.
What is norovirus
After a throat infection, a patient develops a widespread fine rash, fever, chills, and a strawberry tongue.
What is scarlet fever
These molecules, also called selectins, help WBCs stick to the inner blood vessel wall during inflammation.
What are cell adhesion molecules/CAMs
Influenza changes its surface proteins gradually over time, which helps explain repeat infections and yearly vaccine updates
What is antigenic drift
This bacterium can cause blue-green wound infections and is resistant to many disinfectants and antibiotics.
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa
This viral illness in infants/children causes vomiting and diarrhea, but most people develop natural immunity by a young age.
What is rotavirus
A child has shallow facial sores with honey-colored crusts after pustules break open. The infection is usually caused by S. aureus or S. pyogenes.
What is impetigo
C3b coats a bacterium and binds to receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium easier to engulf.
What is opsonization
A patient had chickenpox as a child and years later develops a painful rash along the area supplied by a sensory nerve.
What is shingles/reactivated varicella-zoster virus
This bacterium produces a neurotoxin that blocks inhibitory neurons, causing rigid muscle contractions.
What is Clostridium tetani
This infection causes painful swelling of the parotid salivary glands and can lead to orchitis, meningitis, or encephalitis.
What is mumps
A patient develops severe headache, fever, stiff neck, and later confusion. The disease can damage the blood-brain barrier and cause dangerous pressure buildup in brain tissue.
What is bacterial meningitis
This immune system is activated by lectins, antibodies, or bacterial surfaces and can lead to cytolysis through the MAC.
What is the complement system
Two different influenza viruses infect the same host cell and swap gene segments, creating a major new subtype.
What is antigenic shift
This bacterium has a waxy mycolic acid cell wall, survives inside macrophages, and can remain dormant.
What is Mycobacterium tuberculosis
This highly contagious rash illness can stay active in the air for about 2 hours, lowers WBC count, and increases the risk of secondary infections.
What is measles/rubeola
A patient has severe watery diarrhea with a “rice-water” appearance after fecal-oral exposure, creating a major dehydration risk.
What is cholera
A patient has a parasitic infection and their blood sample shows an abundance of granulocytes. These specific granulocytes would most likely be elevated.
What are eosinophils
A bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and changes the bacterium’s genes, allowing it to produce a new virulence factor.
What is lysogenic conversion?
This toxin-producing strain can be spread through contaminated food and cause bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome.
What is E. coli O157:H7?
This infection is mostly fecal-oral, usually mild or asymptomatic, but severe cases can affect the CNS and cause paralysis. It has a vaccine and was especially an issue in areas without built-up maternal antibodies.
What is polio
After eating improperly preserved food, a patient develops dry mouth, trouble chewing and talking, and progressive loss of muscle control. The toxin blocks neurotransmitter release from motor neurons and respiratory failure is possible.
What is botulism