Show:
Virulence
Entry
Attachment
Destruction
Evasion
100

The 4 true virulence factors 

1. Attach

2. Enter

3. Destroy

4. Evade immune system 

100

3 places of entry

What are:

1. Mucous membrane
2. Skin
3. Parenteral/ deep tissues 

100

This is a non-specific way for groups of microbes (many species at once) to adhere to a host's cells.

What are biofilms? 

100
An example is damage from a host cell exploding because too many pathogens are living inside of it. 

What is direct damage? 

100

The ability of a pathogen to mutate and evade, in particular, the adaptive immune system. 

What is antigenic variability. 

200

This 5th aspect of virulence allows increase in spread of the pathogen.  

What is a portal of exit/ transmission?

200

This form of entry is preceded by injury or damage of some kind. 

What is parenteral entry? 

200

The attachment method of this pathogen can only bind to CD4 receptors. 

What is a HIV?

200

This is the name for viral damage.

What is cytopathic effect? 

200

These not only help with attachment, but evasion as well. 

What are the slime layers (glycocalyx/ biofilm)? 

300

This type of toxin is more deadly to the pathogen than other options. 

What is an endotoxin?
(pathogen cells die in the process of release to host)

300

These 2 enzymes cause our ECM to breakdown. 

What are hyaluronidase and collagenase? 

300

2 specific molecule types that allow pathogens to attach to their host.

What are adhesins and their complementary receptors (on the host)?

300

When these pathogenic proteins are secreted, it can result in anemia for the host. 

What are siderophores? 

300
Bacteria with high amounts of this won't be as affected by our inflammation response as others. 

What is M protein? 

400

This is the quantifiable description of how virulent a pathogen is for a population. 

What is ID50?

400

This molecule/ structure allows for added defense in the skin vs the mucous membrane. 

What is keratin?

400

These are attachment structures of viruses. 

What are capsid proteins or envelope glycoproteins? 
400

Regarding toxicity, the ____ the number, the more deadly this number is.

What is smaller/ lower?
Regarding toxicity, the SMALLER the number, the more deadly LD50 is.

400

These proteins allow pathogens to hide inside innate immune cells. 

What are invasins? 

500

These reasons are why we don't have vaccines against the common cold, aka rhinoviruses. 

What is the combination of antigenic variation, overwhelming numbers, and extremely variable of ID50... all while being relatively non-lethal. 
500

This decreases pathogenicity from one species to the next. (I.E. if this DOESN'T exist for a given pathogen, that pathogen is much more virulent.)

What is a preferred portal of entry?

500

This process allows host receptors to "match" pathogen attachment molecules.

What is evolution of the pathogen adhesins?

500

This type of exotoxin uses the immune system to cause damage. 

What is a superantigen?

500

These actually destroy proteins of immunity, not just evade them.

What are IgA proteases?