First line of defense
The definition of the first line of defense.
What are the mechanisms of protection that are always 'on' even if there aren't pathogens present?
Definition of the second line of defense.
What are the mechanisms that protect us once a pathogen is recognized?
The 'normal' name of leukocytes.
What are white blood cells?
The definition of inflammation.
What is localized immune response: redness, pain heat, and swelling.
These help in defense against viruses.
What are interferons?
These are the parts of skin that protect from pathogens.
What are sebum, keratin, sweat (salt and lysozyme)
The 4 steps of phagocytosis.
1. Chemotaxis
2. Adherence
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion
The only lymphocyte that is part of innate immunity/ 2nd line of defense. All others are specialists (part of 3rd line/ adaptive immunity).
What are Natural Killer Cells?
Steps of inflammation (5).
What are:
1. Damage
2. Release of cytokines
3. Clotting and/ or vasodilation
4. Leukocyte entry and phagocytosis
5. Tissue repair
These help in marking the pathogen for phagocytosis.
What are opsonins?
Although gross, this protects our insides from the outside world.
What is mucous/ mucous membranes
The 5 parts of the lymphatic system.
1. Thymus
2. Red bone marrow
3. Spleen
4. Lymph nodes
5. Lymph vessels
The leukocyte primarily responsible for releasing chemical signals for other immune responses to start.
What are basophils?
The inherent problem with fever as a defense.
What is death of host cells?
These cause microbes to burst.
What are cytolysis proteins?
The mechanisms (7 of them) that allow us to move pathogens out of the body.
1. Urination
2. Defecation
3. Tears
4. Genital secretions
5. Vomit
6. Cough/ sneeze
7. Pus
The primary mode by which host cells "know" a microbe is pathogenic or not.
What are PAMPs...
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns– molecules or structures found on the microbe, that are not found in normal human cells.
NOT used in 3rd line/ adaptive immunity!!
These leukocytes are usually NOT found in blood, rather are in the skin and mucous.
What are the dendritic cells?
These proteins reinforce inflammation, as well as perform other secondary immune functions.
These take resources from potential pathogens in the blood.... specific examples please.
What are hemoglobin and ferritin? (aka iron-binding proteins)
The main reason normal microbiota help defend against pathogens, and are therefore part of the 1st line of defense.
What is microbial antagonism? (using up of resources by normal microbiota and therefore leaving none for pathogens)
The 2 structures of immune cells that allow responses to pathogenic microbes.
1. TLR- Toll-like receptors on the 2nd immune responders that can bind to PAMPs on the microbe.
2. Cytokines- chemicals released once TLR's bind to PAMPs... signal other cells to help defend against/ attack the pathogen.
Leukocytes involved in multiple levels of phagocytoses.
What are...
Neutrophils (leave blood to phagocytose)
Macrophages (blood, lymph system, lungs)
Dendritic cells (skin and mucous)
Eosinophils (usually involved in secretion of toxins; CAN do minor phagocytosis outside blood)
Pharmacology bonus!
This class of over-the-counter medications can reduce fever and inflammation... Tylenol (acetaminophen) is not one of them as it doesn't help with inflammation.
What are NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)?
These recently discovered antimicrobial peptides are released from epithelial cells, neutrophils, and macrophages.
What are defensins?