Microbiota
The definition of normal microbiota
What are microorganisms naturally occuring in an organism/ host that cause no harm (or even possible benefit) to the host.
Original test subject for Koch.
What is B. anthracis in cows?
The 2 main branches of disease (in epidemiology).
What are communicable and noncommunicable?
The difference between communicable and non-communicable disease.
What is transmission?
This microbe has become increasingly prevalent due to overuse and abuse of antibiotics.
What is MRSA/ VRSA/ VRE/ MRE
The definition of commensalism.
What is the association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm
The 4 Koch Postulates.
1. Must be the same microbe present in all cases.
2. Must be able to isolate, purify, and identify it.
3. The pure sample must cause the same disease.
4. Must be able to RE- isolate, purify and identify.
The difference(s) between signs and symptoms.
What are objective/ observable/ measurable (signs) vs. subjective (symptoms)?
The 3 attributes of epidemiology.
1. Frequency (when/ how often disease occurs)
2. Distribution (where/ to whom disease occurs)
3. Transmission (what ways disease use to spread)
This (these) disease(s) is (are) carried in mosquitoes, and therefore more problematic due to global warming.
What are malaria, dengue fever, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, Zika, West Nile.... more emerging yearly...
The definition of mutualism
What is symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved
The type of diseases that are not applicable to Koch's postulates.
What are (primarily) non-communicable diseases
The stages of disease.
1. Incubation- pathogen enters; no s/s; no immune responses
2. Prodromal- pathogen multiply; some s/s; few immune responses
3. Illness- explosion of pathogens; severe s/s; increased immune responses
4. Decline- decrease of pathogens; less s/s; complete immune responses
5. Convalescence- microbes gone; minimal s/s; immune response focus on healing tissues.
The types of epidemiology.
1. Descriptive (data on who, the place, the time)
2. Analytical (evaluating the data to hypothesize)
3. Experimental (verify hypotheses on spread/ transmission in experimentation... ETHICALLY)
These diseases emerged from the Influenza virus.
What are H1N1, Swine Flu, Spanish Flu... via genetic changes/ mutations.
What is E. coli?
The most ethically questionable step of Koch's postulates.
What is step 3- knowingly introducing a pathogen to a healthy individual.
Duration of diseases.
What are...
1. Acute- short, distinct s/s
2. Chronic- long, prolonged s/s
3. Latent- hidden/ dormant, sporadic s/s
The modes of communicable disease transmission.
1. Direct (touch... NOT vector)
2. Indirect (fomite... NOT vehicle)
3. Droplet (expellants)
4. Vehicle (water/ food/ air)
5. Vector (biological/ mechanical)
This disease is problematic in Russia due to refusal to vaccinate.
What is diphtheria
(This is becoming a problem in the US for measles, mumps, rubella, whooping cough, diphtheria, and others)
These species are particularly opportunistic in hospital settings.
What are Staphylococcus species
The step of Koch's postulates that is the most problematic when considering mutable pathogens.
What is step 4- due to mutability, pathogens may not be exactly the same as OG
Varicella zoster- (explain how it develops 3 durations in one)
1. Acute- "chicken pox" rash, itching, ~1 week
2. Chronic- pain and inflammation post disease
3. Latent- dormant in spine, re-emerge as "shingles"
The 3 factors of nosocomial infections.
1. High proportion of immunocompromised
2. High proportion of microbes and pathogens
3. Small chain of transmission
Factors that allowed COVID-19 to become such a problem in the US.
Modern travel
Emergent/ novel disease
Mutability of virus